Unit. safety requirements in maintenance documentation
Start up
Exercise 1. Warning signs can indicate any potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring special attention. Look at the pictures and say what instructions these signs give. When we give instructions, we use the infinitive of the verb. To give a warning or prohibit an action we use do not.
Example: A. Do not touch! The object is under high voltage.
A. B. C.
D. E. F.
Exercise 2. Safety Engineering is the activity consisting of the cohesive collection of all tasks that are primarily performed to ensure that the acceptable level of safety risk of an endeavor and its work products is not exceeded. Look at the chart and say how unified standards ensure safety in Europe. The following connectors will help you.
Words to introduce a chain of events | First(ly), second(ly), then, thus, such as, after, finally |
Words expressing result | So, as a result |
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Vocabulary
Exercise 1. There are a number of words to describe development and management of safety. Fill the gaps in the text with the words from the list given.
a) rules
| b) regulations | c) migration | d) technical specifications
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e) technical standards | f) safety | g) legislation | h) technical requirements |
__________ (1) rules and standards, such as operating ________ (2), signalling rules, requirements on staff and ____________ (3) applicable to rolling stock have been devised mainly nationally. Under the _________ (4) currently in force, a variety of bodies deals with safety. These national safety rules, which are often based on national _________ (5), should gradually be replaced by rules based on common standards, established by ___________ (6) for interoperability (TSIs). The new national rues should be in line with Community __________ (7) and facilitate __________ (8) towards a common approach to railway safety. The Commission has the power to suspend the implementation of a national safety rule for a maximum of six months.
Exercise 2. Match a word in A with a word in B.
A | B | ||
hazard | a | the standard is not recommended for use for new equipment, but is retained to provide for the servicing of existing equipment that is expected to have a long working life | |
current | b | the standard is no longer current | |
obsolescent | c | a situation that may give rise to personal injury or asset damage or both | |
withdrawn | d | the standard is being used now | |
harm | e | freedom from risk of injury or asset damage (loss) | |
safety | f | injury or damage |
Reading
Exercise 1. The British Standards Institution (BSI) is the UK National Body providing the organisation, facilities and structure for the preparation of UK National Standards. Look at the following list and say what situations these documents regulate.
BS 3492 - 1987 | (Current) | Specification for road and rail tanker hoses and hose assemblies for petroleum products, including aviation fuels |
BS 5306-0 - 1986 | (Current) | Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises. Guide for the selection of installed systems and other fire equipment |
BS 5415-1 - 1985 | (Current) | Safety of electrical motor-operated industrial and commercial cleaning appliances. Specification for general requirements |
BS 5501-8: - 1988 | (Current) | Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres. |
BS 6651 - 1999 | (Current, work in hand) | Code of Practice for protection of structures against lighting |
BS 7445 - 1: 2003 | (Current) | Description and measurement of environmental noise. Guide to quantities and procedures |
BS EN 894 - 1: 1997 | (Current) | Safety of machinery. Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators. General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators |
BS EN 1755: 2000 | (Current) | Safety of industrial trucks. Operation in potentially explosive atmospheres. Use in flammable gas, vapour, mist and dust |
Exercise 2. What do you think may follow an accident or hazard in an enterprise? Discuss with a partner. Now read the text and check your answers.
Technical Measures Documents
Essential safety measures are central to ensuring a safe and healthy environment in an enterprise and proper equipment operation and maintenance is vital for life, safety and health of its staff. There are a number of technical measures documents refer to the maintenance procedures that are necessary to mitigate a major accident or hazard. The following aspects should be considered with respect to maintenance procedures: human factors; poorly skilled work force; unconscious and conscious incompetence; good maintainability principles; knowledge of failure rate and maintainability; clear criteria for recognition of faults and marginal performance.
The following issues may contribute towards a major accident or hazard:
— failure of safety critical equipment due to lack of maintenance;
— human error during maintenance;
— static or spark discharge during maintenance in an intrinsically safe zone;
— incompetence of maintenance staff;
— poor communication between maintenance and production staff.
Major hazards could arise from the following:
— the lack of control of spares such that incorrect materials or items outside specification (e.g. non-flameproof equipment) are used in replacement of plant items leading to increased risk of loss of containment, fire or explosion;
— failure to drain and/or isolate plant prior to dismantling causing release of flammable or toxic substances;
— maintenance being performed incompetently (particularly alarm/action set points on instruments incorrectly set, alignment of couplings on pumps and agitators causing overheating, motors running in wrong direction, safety features left disconnected/dismantled, gaskets left out, bolts torqued incorrectly or bolts missing, non-return valves orientation incorrect, pipework/flexibles incorrectly connected/installed, pipeline spades/orifice plates left in/removed, relief valve springs overtightened, bursting discs orientation incorrect/left out);
— scheduled maintenance not being undertaken as required or breakdown maintenance inadequate, leading to unrevealed failures of safety critical items;
— lack of knowledge by maintenance staff of the working environment where maintenance is being carried out (i.e. lack of risk assessments, warning signs, method statements, emergency procedures), leading to ignition of flammable substances (e.g. heat sources such as cigarettes or welding, static and electrical discharge, use of non spark-resistant tools) or injury/fatality from incorrect personal protective equipment (e.g. respirators) being worn;
— unauthorised staff performing maintenance functions;
— failure to re-commission plant correctly after maintenance to ensure that operations are not adversely affected in terms of safety considerations (e.g. contamination, flow rate changes, heat transfer rate changes, mass transfer rate changes).
There are normative publications that can be used as guidance material relating to maintenance procedures in different countries.
COMAH Competent Authority Assessment and Inspection Procedure.
Free version 1/April 2010
Exercise 3. Explain the following statements. Work in pairs.
1) Safe handling is vital for life, safety and health of enterprises’ staff.
2) Human factor (stress, fatigue, shift work, attitude) is crucial to safe environment of a plant.
3) Sufficient precautions are taken prior to maintenance of hazardous plant and equipment (isolation, draining, flushing, environmental monitoring, risk assessments, permits to work, communication, time allotted for the work).
Exercise 4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian phrases in the text.
1) техника безопасности
2) обеспечение безопасной и здоровой обстановки
3) уменьшить последствия крупной аварии
4) частота повреждений и ремонтопригодность
5) повышенный риск потери герметичности, возгорания или взрыва
6) необнаруженные неисправности узлов, важных для обеспечения безопасности
7) производственные условия
8) нормативная литература
Exercise 5. Translate the following passage into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner to improve.
Good industry practice requires that process and plant modifications should not be undertaken without having undertaken a safety, engineering and technical review. This review should be traceable and identify changes proposed to the following factors: process conditions; operating methods; engineering methods; safety; environmental conditions; engineering hardware and design. A form of risk assessment should then identify what hazards have been created by the change that may affect plant or personnel safety, and what action can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risk. Additional hazards that may be introduced which need to be considered are fire, explosion and loss of containment. Changes may affect other parts of the plant which may be quite remote from the source of the change. Therefore, all parts of the plant should be considered in undertaking hazard identification and risk assessments. Factors that are crucial to the success and safe implementation of a plant modification procedure include corporate history; communication between different departments; recognition of authorised personnel.
Exercise 6. Read the following passage, title it and render in English.
Эксплуатационная документация должна устанавливать требования, которые исключали бы создание опасных ситуаций при вводе в эксплуатацию и эксплуатации производственного оборудования. А также содержали бы требования, определяющие необходимость использования средств и методов защиты работающего. Средства защиты должны выполнять свое назначение непрерывно в процессе функционирования производственного оборудования или при возникновении опасной ситуации. Конструкции и расположение средств защиты не должны ограничивать технологические возможности производственного оборудования и должны обеспечивать удобство его эксплуатации. Специальные устройства, предупреждающие о безопасности должны быть выполнены и расположены так, чтобы их сигналы были хорошо различимы и слышны в производственной обстановке всеми лицами, которым угрожает опасность. Части производственного оборудования, представляющие опасность, должны быть окрашены в сигнальные цвета и обозначены соответствующим знаком безопасности в соответствии с действующими стандартами.
Listening
Exercise 1. Before you watch a video about railway safety, try to predict the answers to these questions.
1) Who are tracks’ passers?
2) How many accidents involving tracks’ passers do usually happen on railway property across Canada?
Exercise 2. Watch the video. Clap your hands when listen the following words.
railway property, accident, tracks’ passers
Exercise 3. Watch again. In the following script differentiate the logical segments and put punctuation marks.
Somepeoplemaythinktheycannotbebeatenbyoncomingtrainbutalocomotivethat
seemsfarawaydownthetrackswillbeapartnerwithinsecondsTrainscannotstopquickly
andcannotswervetoavoidpeopleonthetracksandrailwaycarsthatseemtobesitting
quietlycansuddenlystarttomovewithoutwarningTrainscancomefromanydirectionandanytrackandanytimeTracks’passersarepouringtheirlivesonaline.
Exercise 4. Check what you have remembered. Put the statements below into the correct order.
1) Two years ago we have 92 accidents involving tracks’ passers on railway property across Canada.
2) Susan Petrol often comes across children and teenagers playing on or around freight cars.
3) Last year the number rose to one hundred. Over 90% of these accidents were resulted in serious injuries or fatality.
4) For those people the Chief has a strong message of Zero-tolerance.
5) It’s a place where hundreds of tons of fast moving steel can kill in a split second. Serge Meloche has seen too much of these.
6) Trains cannot stop quickly and cannot swerve to avoid people on the tracks, and railway cars that seem to be sitting quietly can suddenly start to move without warning.
7) Some people may think they cannot be beaten by oncoming train, but a locomotive that seems faraway down the tracks will be a partner within seconds.
8) Trains can come from any direction and any track and any time.
Language spot
Past tenses review and Imperative
Exercise 1. When we describe an accident, we use past tenses. Look at the piece of Railroad Accident Report about fatal collision between a Super Voyager train and a car at Copmanthorpe. Find all past tense verbs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copmanthorpe_train_accident
Exercise 2. Study the accident form below and write the description of the accident.
When did it happen? Date: Time: |
21.05.20__ 10 a.m. |
Name of injured person | Eugenie Agabian |
Address | Resident of York |
Phone number | |
Age | |
Female/Male | Male |
Job title | Technician |
Who was the injured person? Employee On training scheme On work experience Self-employed Member of the public |
ü |
Kind of accident Contact with moving machinery Hit by object Hit be moving vehicle Hit something fixed Injured while handling, lifting, carrying Slipped, tripped, fell Trapped Drowned Exposed to harmful substances Exposed to fire Exposed to electricity Other |
ü |
Exercise 3. An Accident Investigation Inspector has produced a Health and Safety report following the Super Voyager train’s accident. When we give recommendations, we use Imperative forms. Find them in the text below.
The following safety recommendations are made:
Facilitate actions necessary for development and implementation of positive train control systems that include collision avoidance, and require implementation of positive train control systems on main line tracks, establishing priority requirements for high-risk corridors such as those where commuter and intercity passenger railroads operate.
Include, in your operational (efficiency) testing program, specific signal tests designed to ensure that your train crews consistently follow uniform operating procedures when they encounter reduced visibility conditions en route.
Exercise 4. Write your own recommendations following the Eugenie Agabian’s accident (60-80 words).
WebProject
Exercise 1. Case studies illustrate the importance of maintenance procedures. Find information about one of them and report your findings to the rest of the class.
The following site may help:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasmaintena.htm
Supplementary reading
Exercise 1. Read the text about railway safety and answer the following questions.
1) Why does the Safety Directive focus on only four major aspects of railway safety in European Union Member States? What are they?
2) Is it possible for the new national rues to be in line with European Community legislation and facilitate migration towards a common approach to railway safety? How?
3) Why different national safety certificates are an obstacle to the development of the European railway system?
4) Is it necessary for each Member State to establish an independent safety authority? Why or why not?
5) What problems with serious train accidents are described in the article?
Railway safety
There are currently different national approaches to railway safety, different targets and different methods applied. Technical standards, the rolling stock and the certification of staff and railway undertakings differ from one Member State to another and have not been adapted to the needs of an integrated European rail system.
In this connection, the Directive focuses on four major aspects:
1) the setting up, in each Member State, of an authority responsible for supervising safety;
2) the mutual recognition of safety certificates delivered in the Member States;
3) the establishment of common safety indicators (CSIs) in order to assess that the system complies with the common safety targets (CSTs) and facilitate the monitoring of railway safety performance;
4) the definition of common rules for safety investigations.
The Directive applies to the railway system of the Member States and covers safety requirements for the system as a whole, including infrastructure and traffic management, and the interaction between railway undertakings and infrastructure managers.
Development and management of safety
Safety rules and standards, such as operating rules, signalling rules, requirements on staff and technical requirements applicable to rolling stock have been devised mainly nationally. Under the regulations currently in force, a variety of bodies deal with safety.
These national safety rules, which are often based on national technical standards, should gradually be replaced by rules based on common standards, established by technical specifications for interoperability (TSIs). The new national rues should be in line with Community legislation and facilitate migration towards a common approach to railway safety. The Commission has the power to suspend the implementation of a national safety rule for a maximum of six months.
In this connection, the Member States will ensure that:
In order to coordinate the different rules, a distinction must be drawn between two sets of actors:
Safety certification
In order to be granted access to the railway infrastructure, a railway undertaking must hold a safety certificate. This safety certificate may cover the whole railway network of a Member State or only a defined part thereof.
The fact that national safety certificates differ is an obstacle to the development of the European railway system. The ultimate objective is to arrive at the introduction of a single Community certificate. In other words, if a railway undertaking obtains a safety certificate in a Member State, that certificate should be the subject of mutual recognition in another Member State.
The safety certificate should give evidence that the railway undertaking has established its safety management system and is able to comply with the requirements defined in the TSIs, with Community law and with the national safety rules. For international transport services it should be enough to approve the safety management system in one Member State and give the approval Community validity. Adherence to national laws on the other hands should be subject to additional certification in each Member State.
The safety certificate must be renewed upon application by the railway undertaking at intervals not exceeding five years. It must be wholly or partly updated whenever the type or extent of the operation is substantially altered.
A railway undertaking applying for authorisation to place rolling stock in service in another Member State will submit a technical file concerning the rolling stock or type of rolling stock to the relevant safety authority, indicating its intended use on the network.
In addition to the safety requirements laid down in the certificate, licensed railway undertakings must comply with national requirements, compatible with Community law and applied in a non-discriminatory manner, relating to health, safety and social conditions, including legal provisions relating to driving time, and the rights of workers and consumers.
An essential aspect of safety is the training and certification of staff, particularly of train drivers. The training covers operating rules, the signalling system, the knowledge of routes and emergency procedures.
Maintenance of vehicles
Before it is placed in service or used on the network, each vehicle is assigned a maintenance entity (which may be, in particular, a railway undertaking or an infrastructure manager). The entity ensures the working order of vehicles by introducing a system of maintenance in accordance with the vehicle’s maintenance book and the applicable safety requirements.
National safety authority
Each Member State must establish a safety authority which is independent from railway undertakings, infrastructure managers, applicants for certificates and procurement entities. It will respond promptly to requests and applications, communicate its requests for information without delay and adopt all its decisions within four months after all requested information has been provided.
The safety authority will carry out all inspections and investigations that are needed for the accomplishment of its tasks and be granted access to all relevant documents and to premises, installations and equipment of infrastructure managers and railway undertakings.
Each year the safety authority will publish a report concerning its activities in the preceding year and send it to the agency by 30 September at the latest.
Accident and incident investigations
Serious train accidents, such as derailments and collisions with fatal consequences, occur rarely, but when they do they attract public interest and the interest of safety professionals all over Europe.
Criteria governing the independence of the investigating body are strictly defined so that this body has no link with the various actors of the sector. This body decides whether or not an investigation of such an accident or incident should be undertaken, and determines the extent of investigations and the procedure to be followed. The investigations should be carried out with as much openness as possible, so that all parties can be heard and can share the results. The relevant infrastructure manager and railway undertakings, the safety authority, victims and their relatives, owners of damaged property, manufacturers, the emergency services involved and representatives of staff and users should be regularly informed of the investigation and its progress.
Each investigation of an accident or incident will be the subject of reports in a form appropriate to the type and seriousness of the accident or incident and the importance of the investigation findings.
Each Member State must ensure that investigations of accidents and incidents are conducted by a permanent body, which comprises at least one investigator able to perform the function of investigator–in–charge in the event of an accident or incident.
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/transport/rail_transport/l24201a_en.htm
Key words
accident |
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crucial factor |
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to eliminate the risk |
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ergonomics |
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explosion |
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failure |
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fatality |
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fault |
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flammable substance |
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harm |
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hazard |
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human factor |
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incompetence |
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injury |
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loss |
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maintenance procedure |
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mitigate |
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normative publication |
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protective equipment |
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safety |
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safety measures |
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technical review |
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toxic substance |
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workplace |
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Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true.
1) I can use past tenses when I describe an accident.
2) I can use Imperative when I write safety recommendations.
3) My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.
4) I can use key words to discuss safety requirements in maintenance documentation with my colleagues.
Unit. Carriage of dangerous goods
Start up
Exercise 1. Look at the signs of some hazardous materials warning labels. How many classes of dangerous goods are there? Can you explain them?
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Class 1: Explosives | Class 1.1: Explosives | Class 1.5: Blasting Agents |
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Class 2.1: Flammable Gas | Class 2.2: Oxygen | Class 2.3: Poisonous Gas |
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Class 4.1: Flammable Solids | Class 4.3: Dangerous when Wet | Class 5.1: Oxidizing Agent |
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Class 5.1: Oxidizing Agent | Class 6.1: Poison | Class 7: Radioactive |
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Class 8: Corrosive | Class 9: Miscellaneous |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_goods
Exercise 2. Read the following passage about dangerous goods and say which scheme shows its logic better? Fill in the scheme chosen with the materials from the text.
A.
B.
hazardous materials
Dangerous goods, also called hazardous materials or HazMat, are solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment. They are often subject to chemical regulations. Dangerous goods include materials that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergenic. Also included are physical conditions such as compressed gases and liquids or hot materials, including all goods containing such materials or chemicals, or may have other characteristics that render them hazardous in specific circumstances.
Dangerous goods are often indicated by diamond-shaped signage. The colours of each diamond in a way has reference to its hazard i.e.: Flammable = red because fire and heat are generally of red colour, Explosive = orange, because mixing red (flammable) with yellow (oxidising agent) creates orange. Non Flammable Non Toxic Gas = green, due to all compressed air vessels being this colour in France after World War II.
Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. The most widely applied regulatory scheme is that for the transportation of dangerous goods. The Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail has developed the Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail ("RID", part of the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail).
Dangerous goods are assigned to different classes ranging from 1 to 9. These types of goods can range from those which are highly dangerous (such as explosives, flammables and fuming acids) to everyday products such as paints, solvents and pesticides found in the home and at work.
Class 1 includes Explosive Dangerous Goods. Class 2 includes gases, which are compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure as detailed below. Some gases have subsidiary risk classes, poisonous or corrosive. Flammable liquids are included in Class 3 and Flammable Solids are in class 4. Class 5 includes oxidizing agents and organic peroxides. Class 6 is for Toxic and Infectious Substances, which are liable to cause death or serious injury to human health. Radioactive substances (class 7) comprise substances or a combination of substances, which emit ionizing radiation (uranium, plutonium). Corrosive substances (class 8) are substances that can dissolve organic tissue or severely corrode certain metals: acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid) and alkalis (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide). Class 9 includes hazardous substances that do not fall into the other categories (asbestos, air-bag inflators, self-inflating life rafts, dry ice).
Vocabulary
Exercise 1. We use a number of special words when speaking about carriage of dangerous goods. Fill the gaps in the text with the words given.
a) Classes
| b) consignors | c) hazard | d) carriage
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e) carriers | f) Dangerous goods | g) regulations | h) substances |
_____________ (1) are liquid or solid ____________ (2) and articles containing them, that have been tested and assessed against internationally-agreed criteria – a process called classification – and found to be potentially dangerous (hazardous) when carried. Dangerous goods are assigned to different _____________ (3) depending on their predominant ______________ (4). There are _______________ (5) to deal with the ______________ (6) of dangerous goods, the purpose of which is to protect everyone either directly involved (such as _____________ (7) or carriers (8), or who might become involved (such as members of the emergency services and public).
Exercise 2. There are several types of vehicle to transport dangerous goods by rail. Match a type of vehicle in A with its definition in B.
A | B | ||
bulk container | a | multimodal assemblies of cylinders, tubes and bundles of cylinders that are interconnected by a manifold and assembled within a framework and service equipment or structural equipment necessary for the transport of gases in the cylinders and tubes | |
gas container | b | a receptacle for dangerous goods and service equipment or structural equipment that enables the receptacle to transport the goods | |
tank | c | a container, with or without a liner or coating, thathas a capacity of 1m3 or more andis intended for the transport of solid dangerous goods that are in direct contact with the container |
Reading
Exercise 1. Look at the following table and explain the relation between dangerous goods’ classes and transport categories.
Dangerous Goods | Transport category |
Infectious substances in risk group 4 | |
Packing Group I goods Toxic gases Organic peroxides type b or c Self-reactive substances type b or c Temperature controlled substances Infectious substances in risk group 3 | |
Packing Group II goods, other than those specified elsewhere Flammable gases Infectious substances in risk group 2 | |
Packing Group III goods, other than those specified elsewhere Non-flammable, non-toxic gases UN 2990, UN 3072 Any other dangerous goods not listed elsewhere | |
Empty, uncleaned packaging (except those containing infectious substances in risk group 4 and toxic gases) |
Exercise 2. What modes of transport are used to carry dangerous goods? What do we do to carry them safely? Now read the text and check your answers.
Carriage of dangerous goods
When transported dangerous goods need to be packaged correctly as laid out in the various international and national regulations for each mode of transport to ensure that they are carried safely to minimise the risk of an incident. There are four different modes of transport which dangerous goods are carried: road, rail, sea and air.
However, transporting goods by road or rail involves the risk of traffic accidents. If the goods carried are dangerous, eg. petrol or chemicals, there is also the risk of an incident, such as spillage of the goods, causing hazards such as fire, explosion, chemical burn or environmental damage. For this reason there are regulations which deal with the transport of dangerous goods. Their aim is to minimise the risk of spillage etc. but, if spillages do occur, to make it easier for the emergency services to deal with them. The regulations place a duty upon those involved in the carriage of dangerous goods to ensure that they know about the measures needed to minimise such risks. Table 1 shows some abbreviations for various regulations applying to the transport of dangerous goods.
Most goods are not considered sufficiently dangerous to need special precautions during transport. However, some goods have properties which mean they could present a danger while being carried, such as explosive, toxic, corrosive or flammable substances. If you wish to carry such goods, you need to identify the hazards first. This process is called classification.
Dangerous goods should be packaged so that they do not escape during handling and carriage. The packages used should be suitable and adequate.
Table 1- Abbreviations for regulations applying to the transport of dangerous goods
Abbreviation | Regulation |
ACL | Approved Carriage List: Information approved for the carriage of dangerous goods by road and rail other than explosives and radioactive material. |
ARCRR | Approved Requirements for the packaging, labelling and carriage of radioactive material by rail. |
ARTM | Approved Requirements and test methods for the classification and packaging of dangerous goods for carriage. |
ATR | Approved Tank Requirements: The provisions for bottom loading and vapour recovery systems of mobile containers carrying petrol. |
CDGCPL2 | Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Labelling) and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles Regulations. |
CDGRail2 | Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail Regulations. |
CER ACOP | Suitability of vehicles and containers and limits on quantities for the carriage of explosives. |
CLER | Classification and Labelling of Explosives Regulations. |
PEC | Packaging of Explosives for Carriage Regulations. |
RAMRail | Packaging, Labelling and Carriage of Radioactive Material by Rail Regulations. |
TDGSA | Transport of Dangerous Goods (Safety Advisers) Regulations. |
This means that they must be able to withstand the normal conditions of transport (such as vibration, humidity, pressure or heavy braking), or the normal stresses of handling during loading and unloading, so that the risk of leakage is minimised.
Dangerous goods in packages need to be labeled according to their classification. Labels should be clearly visible so that everyone involved is aware of the potential hazards.
For rail transport, if you are an operator of a container, tank container, tank wagon or wagon, you should make sure that the operator of a train, which is to carry dangerous goods, is provided with the necessary carriage information about those goods. Train operators, in turn, need to pass the information to the infrastructure controller on whose railway the goods are to be carried.
Any vehicle, container, tank or wagon used to carry dangerous goods should be suitable for the purpose. For example, some dangerous goods (radioactive materials) are allowed to be carried in tanks. Carriage in bulk is the carriage of solid dangerous goods without packaging.
If a vehicle carrying dangerous goods is involved in any sort of accident or incident, the appropriate emergency action needs to be taken. Drivers must follow the emergency instructions provided and, if necessary, notify the emergency services by the quickest and safest method.
Exercise 3. Explain the following statements. Work in pairs.
1) Transporting goods by rail involves the risk of traffic accidents.
2) When transported dangerous goods the various international and national regulations for each mode of transport are used.
3) If you wish to carry dangerous goods, you need to identify their hazards.
Exercise 4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian phrases in the text.
1) опасные грузы
2) международные и национальные правила
3) риск дорожно-транспортных происшествий
4) определить опасность
5) выдерживать стандартные условия транспортировки
6) погрузка и разгрузка
7) разрешается перевозить в цистернах
8) перевозка опасных грузов без упаковки
9) инструкция по действиям в аварийных ситуациях
10) маркируются в соответствии с их классификацией
Exercise 5. Study table 1. Do you know similar Russian regulations applying to the transport of dangerous goods?
Exercise 5. Read the following text from Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Translate it into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner to improve.
Hazardous commodities generally remain contained during such accidents because of the attention given to crash proofing in the design of shipping containers and bulk rail cars. During an accident, the contents are removed from the damaged car by emergency response crews that represent the shipper*. Equipment maintainers repair the damage to the extent possible and put the car back on the track, if possible. However, the track under the derailed car may have been destroyed. If so, repair or replacement of track occurs next, using prefabricated sections and special techniques.
In some situations, loss of containment occurs and the contents of the car or shipping container spill onto the ground. If substances are shipped* in quantities sufficient to require placarding because of transportation laws, they are readily identifiable on shipping manifests*. However, highly hazardous substances that are shipped in smaller quantities than mandated for listing in a shipping manifest can escape identification and characterization for a considerable period. Containment at the site and collection of the spilled material are the responsibility of the shipper.
Railway personnel can be exposed to materials that remain in snow, soil or vegetation during rehabilitation efforts. The severity of exposure depends on the properties and quantity of the substance, the geometry of the site and weather conditions. The situation could also pose fire, explosion, reactivity and toxic hazards to humans, animals and the surrounding environment
U.S.Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety
Vocabulary notes:
shipper – грузоотправитель
to ship – отправлять груз (различными видами транспорта)
shipping manifest – грузовая декларация
Did you know? Commodity is a good for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. Goods is merchandise when transported, esp. by rail (chiefly British). |
Exercise 6. Read the passage below, title it and render in English.
Выбирая вид транспорта, надо учитывать, что каждый из них обладает своей спецификой и особенностями. Для железнодорожных перевозок:
1) наибольшая эффективность в использовании достигается при перевозках на расстояние более 200 км;
2) относительная дешевизна по отношению к автомобильным перевозкам доставки;
3) возможность доставки «до двери» за счет строительства подъездных путей к предприятиям;
4) способность перевозить самую широкую гамму различных грузов;
независимость от климатических условий.
К генеральным грузам относятся штучные грузы; т. е. в упаковке и без нее, принимаемые к транспортировке по счету грузовых мест. Делятся по виду тары или упаковки на тароупаковочные грузы (в мешках, коробках, ящиках, бочках и т. д.). Грузы в крупных грузовых и транспортных единицах (пакетах, на поддонах, трейлерах, контейнерах, в ликтерах) и рутинные грузы без тары и упаковки (трубы, подвижная техника, металлоконструкции).
Разделяются по размерам на обычные, длинномерные (свыше 3-х м) и не габаритные; по массе – легковесные и тяжеловесные (масса свыше 5 тонн). Транспортные документы выписываются грузоперевозчиком в удостоверение того, что товар принят им к перевозке.
Listening
Exercise 1. Before you watch a video, try to answer the question: How safe are railways? Think about a security risk on airlines, national ports and highways.
Exercise 2. Watch the video. Clap your hands when listen the following words.
hazardous materials, (railroad tanker), security
Exercise 3. Watch again. Repeat the second part of the text after the speaker. Imitate his pronunciation and intonation (start with the words “ Every day more than 1 million tons of hazardous materials…).
Exercise 4. In the following script differentiate the logic parts and put punctuation marks. What is the main idea of this extract?
Everydaymorethan1milliontonsofhazardousmaterialsaretransportedbyrailwaytank carstravelbyhomesschoolshospitalstothemiddleofcitiesandalongourhighwaysover thenextdecadedemandofradioactivewastestobecarriedbyrailwillgrowsubstantially
asinglerealhazmatinstanthasthepotentialtokillhundredsofthousandswithinminutes
andyetthereisglobalqualitytrainingofthosewhowouldbeaffectedmostrailworkers emergencyrespondersandcitizensinrailcommunitieswhatmakestrainspotential weaponofmassdestructiontonesofdeadlycargoinsidesometankers.
Exercise 5. Check what you remember. Put the statements below in the correct order.
1) Last year TSA - the Transportation Safety Administration spent 90 % of its budget on airlines security and just 10 % to secure the national ports, pipe lines, tracks, buses and rail.
2) A government report says just one tanker of chlorine could kill a hundred thousand people in a half hours’ time.
3) Nothing.
4) 84 % of rail workers nationwide said they have not received any training related to terrorism prevention.
5) Every day more than 1 million tons of hazardous materials are transported by railway tank cars travel by homes, schools, hospitals, to the middle of cities and along our highways.
6) An NBC-5 investigation review says that freight trains pulling thousands of gallons of hazardous materials are often left unman and unguarded.
Language spot
Phrase, Compound and Participle prepositions
Exercise 1. Read the following passage quickly to find Phrase prepositions. What other Phrase prepositions do you know?
The large quantities of hazardous material could cause serious problems of exposure of personnel and environment. Dangerous goods are often shipped subject to chemical regulations. In spite of their use, no amount of preparation for a worst-case accident is ever enough. In consequence of that, minimizing risk of an accident is imperative. In the event of accident, loss of containment occurs and the contents of the car or shipping container spill onto the ground. In conformity with emergency instructions, all of the groups in a rail organization are involved in transportation accidents. Thanks to equipment maintainers, the damage repairs and the car put back on the track, if possible. However, in view of dangerous situation, the track under the derailed car may have been destroyed. Due to this, repair or replacement of track occurs next (U.S. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety).
Exercise 2. Look at the word combinations given and consider only those which have Compound prepositions.
A single-track rail tunnel without shuttle terminals (1), transporting oil and gas products by truck (2), road traffic comes under the jurisdiction of the TDG Act
the UN number is inside the label (3), the labels are visible from the outside of the vehicle (4), the shipping document must accompany the consignment throughout its journey (5), the quantity of dangerous goods initially loaded into the container (6), Combined European regulations for the combined transportation of dangerous goods on roads and rails (7), the goods inside or outside of the calculation of the width of more than locomotives and rolling stock gauge (8).
Exercise 3. Read the following sentences. Fill in the gaps using Participle prepositions from the box below.
during including concerning regardingfollowing accepting excepting notwithstanding |
1) Most goods are not considered sufficiently dangerous to need special precautions ___________ transport.
2) Packages used to transport radioactive material must meet the standards laid down in RAMRoad, RAMRail and the ARCRR ___________, where required, obtaining approval(s) from the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR).
3) Ensure the preparation of an annual report on your activities ___________ the transport of dangerous goods
4) Do I need to make a report ___________ an accident or emergency?
5) In the European Union (EU) there are obligations ___________ dangerous goods security procedures.
6) Loaded hazardous material shipments must be forwarded within 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays) after ___________ them at the shipper’s facility or receiving them in any yard, transfer station, or interchange point.
7) Dangerous goods may only be carried in goods trains, ___________ dangerous goods which are carried as hand luggage.
8) ___________with preceding paragraphs, Member States may lay down specific safety requirements for the international carriage of dangerous goods by rail, in so far as RID does not cover that area.
Exercise 4. Write an instruction to a shipper of flammable liquids (60-80 words). Use Phrase, Compound and Participle prepositions.
WebProject
Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. Find information about English speaking countries.
The following sites may help:
1) Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations from Transport Canada http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/tdg/clear-tofc-211.htm
2) Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (Model Regulations) from United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) http://live.unece.org/trans/welcome.html
3) Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) from United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) http://live.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html
4) Free Online Hazmat/Hazchem Guide from The National Chemical Emergency Centre (NCEC) U.K. http://the-ncec.com/hazchem/
5) Hazardous Materials Regulations from U.S. Department of Transportation http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat
Supplementary reading
Exercise 1. Read the text about transportation accidents and answer the following questions.
1) What examples of transportation accident does the author name?
2) How can the potential for such accidents be minimized?
3) Why do hazardous commodities generally remain contained during an accident?
4) What rehabilitation activities are mentioned in the text?
5) What should railway personnel do in some situations when loss of containment occurs and the contents of the car or shipping container spill onto the ground?
Transportation accidents
Possibly the greatest single concern in rail operations is the transportation accident. The large quantities of material that could be involved could cause serious problems of exposure of personnel and environment. No amount of preparation for a worst-case accident is ever enough. Therefore, minimizing risk and the consequences of an accident are imperative. Transportation accidents occur for a variety of reasons: collisions at level crossings, obstruction of the track, failure of equipment and operator error.
The potential for such accidents can be minimized through conscientious and ongoing inspection and maintenance of track and right-of-way and equipment. The impact of a transportation accident involving a train carrying mixed cargo can be minimized through strategic positioning of cars that carry incompatible freight. Such strategic positioning, however, is not impossible for a train hauling a single commodity. Commodities of a particular concern include: pulverized coal, sulphur, liquefied petroleum (fuel) gases, heavy metal concentrates, solvents and process chemicals.
All of the groups in a rail organization are involved in transportation accidents. Rehabilitation activities can literally involve all groups working simultaneously at the same location on the site.
Hazardous commodities generally remain contained during such accidents because of the attention given to crashproofing in the design of shipping containers and bulk rail cars. During an accident, the contents are removed from the demaged car by emergency response crews that represent the shipper. Equipment maintainers repair the damage to the extent possible and put the car back on the track, if possible. However, the track under the derailed car may have been destroyed. If so, repair or replacement of track occurs next, using prefabricated sections and special techniques.
In some situations, loss of containment occurs and the contents of the car or shipping container spill onto the ground. If substances are shipped in quantities sufficient to require placarding because of transportation laws, they are readily identifiable on shipping manifests. However, highly hazardous substances that are shipped in smaller quantities than mandated for listing in a shipping manifest can escape identification and characterization for a considerable period.
Containment at the site and collection of the spilled material are the responsibility of the shipper.
Railway personnel can be exposed to materials that remain in snow, soil or vegetation during rehabilitation efforts. The severity of exposure depends on the properties and quantity of the substance, the geometry of the site and weather conditions. The situation could also pose fire, explosion, reactivity and toxic hazards to humans, animals and the surrounding environment.
At some point following the accident, the site must be cleared so that the track can be put back into service. Transfer of cargo and repair of equipment and track may still be required.
Jeanne Mager Stellman. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety.
Exercise 2. Define the topic and the main idea of the text. Render in Russian.
Key words
allergenic | аллергенный | ||||||
asphyxiating | вызывающий удушье | ||||||
biohazardous | биологически опасный | ||||||
bulk container | контейнер для насыпных грузов | ||||||
carriage | 1) железнодорожный вагон (обычно пассажирский); 2) перевозка, транспортировка | ||||||
chemical regulation | правила перевозки химических веществ | ||||||
consignor | грузоотправитель | ||||||
corrosive | едкий; коррозийный | ||||||
dangerous goods | опасные грузы | ||||||
emergency instruction | инструкция о действиях в аварийной ситуации | ||||||
emergency service | аварийная служба | ||||||
explosive | взрывчатый, взрывоопасный | ||||||
flammable | огнеопасный; легковоспламеняющийся | ||||||
gas | газ | ||||||
hazardous material | опасный, взрывчатый материал | ||||||
label | ярлык, этикетка, наклейка | ||||||
liquid | жидкость; жидкий | ||||||
loading | погрузка | ||||||
oxidizing | окисление; окисляющий | ||||||
pathogenic | болезнетворный, патогенный | ||||||
radioactive | радиоактивный | ||||||
regulation | правила | ||||||
safety precautions | меры безопасности | ||||||
solid | твёрдый (а не жидкий или газообразный) | ||||||
spillage | утечка | ||||||
substance | вещество | ||||||
tank wagon | вагон-цистерна | ||||||
toxic | токсический, ядовитый Дата добавления: 2015-09-29; просмотров: 108 | Нарушение авторских прав
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