ANTONYMS are words which belong to the same part of speech, identical in style, and express contrary (противоположный) or contradictory (несовместимый) notions.

ANTONYMS

ANTONYMS are words which belong to the same part of speech, identical in style, and express contrary (противоположный) or contradictory (несовместимый) notions.

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF ANTONYMS (morphological approach)

ABSOLUTE (having different roots) DERIVATIONAL (of the same root),

"right"- "wrong" “regular”- “irregular”

"to arrive"- "to leave" "to fit" - "to unfit"

SEMANTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ANTONYMS

CONTRADICTORIES (complimentary antonyms)	CONTRARIES (antonyms proper)	Non-binary contrast (many-member lexical sets) (INCOMPATIBLES)	CONVERSNESS (mirror-image relations)
Contradictory notions are mutually opposed and they deny each other.	Contrary notions are also mutually opposed and but they are gradable.	In this case there are no outmost members.	Conversive antonyms imply the same object or situation but from different point of view.
alive vs. dead; patient vs. impatient to hate - to love	Old: middle-aged: young Hot: warm: cool: cold	Colour words (black, grey, white) Military ranks (marshal, general, colonel)	John bought the car from Bill. Bill sold the car to John. Husband/ wife Pupil/teacher

HOMONYMS are words different in meaning but identical in sound or spelling, or both in sound or spelling.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS (By Skeat)

term	Perfect homonyms	Homographs	Homophones
definition	They are words which identical in sound and spelling.	They are words with the same spelling but different pronunciation.	They are words with the same pronunciation but different spelling pronunciation.
example	School – school Board - board	Bow – bow Row -row	Night – knight Weather - whether

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS (by A.I. Smirnitsky)

term	Full (lexical) homonyms	Partial homonyms
definition	They are words which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm.	They are subdivided into 3 subgroups: 1) Simple lexico-grammatical p.h-s belong to the same part of speech. Their paradigms have one identical form. 2) Complex lexico-grammatical p.h-s belong to the different part of speech. Their paradigms have one identical form. 3) Partial lexical homonyms belong to the same part of speech. They are identical only in their corresponding forms.
example	School – school; Board – board; Match – match; Wren – wren.	1) to found, v.; found, v.(to find); to lay, v. lay, v. (to lie); 2) rose, n.; rose, v. (to rise); bean, n.; been, v.(to be); 3) to lie (lay, lain), v.; to lie (lied, lied), v.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYMS (by I.V. Arnold)

Perfect homonyms

I. V. Arnold suggestedfour criteria of their classification: lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, basic forms and paradigms.

a) homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings, basic forms and paradigms and different in their lexical meanings	b) homonymsidentical in their grammatical meanings and basic forms, different in their lexical meanings and paradigms	c) homonyms different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, paradigms, but coinciding in their basic forms	d) homonyms different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, in their basic forms and paradigms, but coinciding in one of the forms of their paradigms
e.g. «board» in the meanings «a council» and «a piece of wood sawn thin »;	e.g. to lie - lied - lied, and to lie -lay - lain	, e.g. «light» / «lights»/, «light» / «lighter», «lightest»/

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