You can borrow my car – ты можешь, тебе можно

Can

Could

May

Might

Must

Have To (have got to)

Ought to/Should

Need

To be to (1)/To be Supposed to (2)

Will

Would

Shall

Used To

Permission

For all persons in pr., fut You can borrow my car – ты можешь, тебе можно - asking for permission Can I? – informal - can’t – polite answer I’m afraid, I can’t. – Боюсь, что нет

For past & conditional - General permission On Sundays we could (=were allowed to) stay up late. (couldn’t=weren’t/wasn’t allowed) - when a particular action was permitted & performed (was/were allowed) I had a visa so I was allowed to cross the frontier. Asking for permission: Could you…? – polite, formal

For all persons in present, future formal I may leave the office as soon as I have finished – я могу, мне разрешено - Asking for permission May I? Excuse me, may I take a photo of the painting? –No, I’m afraid/I’m afraid you can’t. May is sometimes used in notices: Students may borrow CDs from the library.

For past & conditional - Indirect speech He said we might leave when we had finished. - Negative answer I’d rather you didn’t.

Следует, нужно Стоит Следовало бы + not – напрасно, зря, не надо было Why should I?- С какой стати?

Ability

Will be able – the only future form

- In the present Can you (manage to, are you able to) type? - While speaking Look! I can jump! - Nearest future I can read it tomorrow. - With the Vs of senses & thinking (instead of the Pr. Cont): feel, hear, see, smell, taste, decide, believe, remember (the same about could) I can hear you.

- Present meaning (an idea of condition) I could get you a copy (if you want one) – смогла бы - Past ability He could/was able to read Arabic when he was four. - Past ability + particular action Mike’s car broke down but fortunately he was able to repair it (=managed, succeed) – смог With hardly, only (limiting adv.) I could hardly believe… - For past negative answer – couldn’t/can’t/wasn’t able

Obligation (orders, instructions, necessity)

For pr. & fut. - Speaker’s authority Teacher to students: ‘You must learn it by heart’- должны, обязаны. - Orders, instructions, wish, urgency Stuff must be at their desks by 9.00. I must go on a diet (=I say so). Past = had to Future = will have to

Have to – habit Have got to – single action – spoken - External authority I have to go on a diet (the doctor says so) - вынужден, приходится, должен - Commenting of other speaker’s obligation (in questions) Did you have to do it?

Milder obligation - Express the subject’s obligation You should send it in accurate income tax returns. - +cont.inf. (acting foolishly) He shouldn’t be spending all his time on the beach. - +perf.inf. (unfulfilled obligation) You should have turned his omelette; he likes it turned.

ordinary

semi-modal

1. to convey orders, plans, destiny. I am to meet him at the station. I was to have met him yesterday (no action). You are to fail – ты обречён на провал. 2. milder; normal or correct way of doing things, duty, rules What am I supposed to do? – что я должен делать?

Would you stop making that noise immediately? – мягкий приказ Would you stop smoking there?

For all persons - Orders, regulations, promises No player shall pick up the ball.

Do you need to read it? - тебе нужно это делать? He needs to read it.

Is mostly used in negative form Need I do it? – мне это нужно делать? = seldom used

Prohibition

‘milder than must’ You can’t smoke here (aren’t allowed to)=No smoking

I couldn’t! = I wasn’t able to

In written instructions You may not talk in the library. (formal)

Strong You mustn’t smoke there (=it’s forbidden) - нельзя

Absence of necessity

Absence of necessity

- External authority I don’t have to work a full day on Saturday – не обязательно I didn’t have to do it (=no action) не надо было, я и не делал; не пришлось.

Milder than must You shouldn’t do it.

External authority don’t need to General necessity In most developed countries people don’t need to boil water.

Speaker’s authority needn’t do You needn’t do it by hand. – не обязательно, не нужно Needn’t have done it - зря это сделал

You’re not supposed to do it. It’s not your duty.

Deduction, certainty, possibility, assumption, speculations

Possibility – 90% - General possibility Don’t go there. The drinks can be expensive in this café. - Occasional (sometimes) Measles can be quite dangerous. (как правило…) - Wh-questions Who can it be? - With hardly, only It can hardly be a postman.

Possibility – 50-60% - Wh-questions Who could it be at that time of night? - With hardly, only I could hardly believe it! - could+perf.inf. (the equivalent of may/might but a little bit stronger) He may/might/could have heard it from Jack. – Возможно…

Possibility – 50% She may have eaten your cake – возможно/может быть она съела - Questions about future Do you think I may…? Is he likely to come? - be likely (about future) скорее всего

Possibility – 50% She might be ill – Может быть, она больна. Questions about future Do you think he might…?

Certainty 90-95% должно быть, значит, наверняка, скорее всего She must be working – должно быть, она работает. She must have waited for me – должно быть, она меня ждала.

is chiefly used with to be (can express speaker’s feeling of certainty in the past) There was a knock on the door. It had to be Tom.

expectation She should get my letter by now. – Ожидается, что она получит письмо к сегодняшнему дню.

100 % possibility The phone is ringing. That will be for me.

Someone said: ‘That would have been called for me’.

Impossibility

- Colloquial variant Kate can’t have done it. – не может быть, что…

In the past She can’t/couldn’t have been here – не может быть, чтобы она была здесь.

Advice

May/might for unemphatic advice You may/might as well do it. – ты мог бы сделать это.

- emphatic advice I’ve got a new flat! You must come and see it. It’s your must!( as a noun)

had better – stronger than should, but not about past & general facts. It’s cold. The children had better put on their coats.

You ought to/should read this. It is very good. - asking for advice What should I do? – что мне следует делать?

I would do it If I were you.

asking for instructions: What shall I do?

Reproach

You can be really annoying, you know.

Could + perf.inf. You could have told me. Why didn’t you do it? (=I’m annoyed)

Why didn’t you tell me? You might have done it! – ты могла бы (но не сделала)

Stronger than might or could She should not have stood in a queue (=it was foolish). You should have told me – ты должна была, надо было

Request, offers

Can I borrow your book? – informal. - Informal offer Can I help you? We can go to the theatre now – мы можем…

Could I borrow your book? – generally used form, polite, formal/informal We could meet near the clock – мы могли бы встретиться…

May I have a cup of coffee, please? - formal

Might I use your phone? – very fomal - Indicates greater uncertainty about the answer.

Requests, offers: Will I do it for you?

- offer Would you like me to pick up your laundry? - polite, formal request Would you mind lending me the money?

- request for advice Shall I wait for you?

can’t/couldn’t – the speaker hopes for affirmative answer: Can’t I stay up till the end of the program? – не могу ли я/не мог бы я…

Habits

Present

Habitual singular action External I have to take 3 pills a day.

to emphasize the characteristics of the perfomer An English man will usually show you the way in the street – всегда покажет/имеет обыкновение

Past

Past routine On Sundays he would (=used to) get up early – бывало. But! Is NOT used with stative verbs! I used to (NOT would) be stupid when I was young.

Used to+inf. be/get used to+ N/pronoun/gerund colloqual I’m used to noise – я привык Did you use to smoke when you was a teenager? ~No, I didn’t use to.

Intention, Obstinate, Insistence, Refusal, Willingness

- intention I will help him. - obstinate insistence I will do it! - refusal The car won’t start! - willingness Will you like me to do it?

In the past He said he would do it. He wouldn’t help me yesterday. – он отказался мне помочь (и не хотел)

For all persons - insistence We shall overcome. He shall do it if he wants to – он сделает это, если захочет.

Modal Verbs

Denote neither actions nor states but only the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state expressed by the infinitive which always follows the modal verb. Proverbs Idiomatic expressions:

Thus a modal verb IS NEVER USED ALONE as the predicate but is always combined WITH AN INFINITIVE Dare

forming a MODAL COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE. 1) ordinary 1. He who can does, he who can not teaches. 1. Try as I might, I could not pass my test.

Modal Verbs have the following pecularities: I didn’t dare (to) tell her about it. – я не осмелился ей рассказать. 2. It might have been worse. 2. Surely, you can not have eaten all of it.

- they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to (bare infinitive – go), except ought to, have to, be to. I dare say you haven’t done it properly. – я думаю, что... 3. Man shall not live by bread alone. 3. It couldn’t have been better.

- they form the negative & interrogative forms without auxiliary verbs, except have to. I dare you to jump – А ну-ка прыгни! (challenge!!) 4. Genius must be born & never can be taught. 4. May you both be very happy.

- they have no verbals – gerund, participles, infinitive. 2) semi-modal 5. You can not eat your cake & have it.5. I may not be so smart, but I answered all his questions.

- no analytical forms – no future, no perfect, no Passive Voice, no subjunctive. How dare you? – Как ты посмел?! 6. What must be must be.6. I can’t help laughing when I see him.

- no –s in the III person singular present, except have to. How dared he? 7. What is done can not be undone. 7. I can’t wait to see him again.

- no imperative mood. 8. I may not always be right, but I’m never wrong.

Some of them don’t have the form of the past tense – ought to, should, must. 9. You should decide what is to be done.

Different forms of the infinitive are used after some modal verbs.

	active	passive
simple inf.	do	be done
perfect inf.	have done	have been done
cont. inf.	be doing
perf. Cont. inf.	have been doing

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