i .immatical structure of the English language.. 11 23 страница

I recognized him as Do'ugal Todd, the village painter and car­penter. (Cronin)

Я узнал Дугала Тодда, местного деревенского маляра и плот­ника.

Не was pleased that the girl seemed impressed because it showed business instinct. (Galsworthy)

Он был доволен, что на девушку это произвело впечатление, ибо это свидетельствовало о том, что у нее есть коммерческая жилка.

9 B. JI. KayuiaHCKaa h ap. *' 257

4. Infinitive and participial phrases, such as to be sure, to tell the truth, to begin with, generally speaking, strictly speaking, etc.

Sarah, my dear, comparatively speaking, you’re safe. (Dickens) To tell the truth, I don’t want to go there.

SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS PARTS

Two or more parts of the sentence having the same function and referring to the same part of the sentence are called homogeneous parts of the sentence. They are linked either by means of coordi­nating conjunctions or asyndetically.

3. The place of the abverbial modifier of frequency is more fixed than that of other adverbial modifiers which enjoy a certain freedom of posftion. As a rule they precede the predicate verb in a simple tense form but follow the verb to be and all the modal verbs. In a compound tense form they follow the first auxiliary.

6. An adverbial modifier of degree expressed by the adverb enough generally follows the adjective it modifies, but may follow or precede a noun.

He is clever enough but very lazy.

When enough modifies a noun it may either follow or pre­cede it.

N

1 have time enough to do it.

I have enough time to do it.

² Cause, consequence and result may also be expressed by subordinatf clauses, introduced by subordinating conjunctions.

alone together. (Dickens)

It was dull and dreary enough, when the long summer evening closed in, on that Saturday night. (Collins)

A complex sentence may contain two or more homogeneous clauses coordinated with each other.

They were all obstinately of opinion that the poor girl had stolen the moonstone, and that she had destroyed herself in terror of being found out. (Collins)

If a subject clause follows the principal clause the so-called introductory it is used in the principal clause.

It was always possible that they might encounter some one. (Dreiser)

N ote. — There is another view of the analysis of sentences of this type, accord­ing to which it is the subject of the principal clause, and the subor­dinate clause is a predicative clause.

Subject clauses are connected with the principal clause in the following ways:

(a) by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether.

It was unfortunate that the patient was brought in during the evening. (Heyrn)

presence. (Eliot)

Note. — In a sentence containing a subject clause and a predicative clause the principal clause is represented only by the link verb.

What we want to know is what the French are going to do now. (Greene)

r

§ 6. Object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate-verb of the principal clause.

I don’t know what you are talking about. (Oow and D'Usseau)

An object clause may also refer to a non-finite form of the verb, to an adjective, or to a word belonging to the part of speech ex­pressing state.

I formed the habit of calling in on him in the evening to discuss Vi hat I had heard. (Leacock)

1 ventured on asking why he was in such a hurry to get back to town. (Collins)

Jane... wondered if Brian and Margaret were really suited fo one another. (Lindsay)

^Time will show whether 1 am right or wrong. (Collins)

(b) by means of the connectives who, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever (conjunctive pronouns); where,, when, how, why (conjunctive adverbs).

I’ll do just what I say. (Dreiser)

1 half rose, and advanced my head to see how she was occupied. (Ch. Bront&)

He-wondered why he should look back... (Wilson)

I don’t know where he developed his prose style, probably in the best of schools, the open air. (Nichols)

(c) asyndetically.

He said there was nothing much the matter with me. (Maxwell)

An object clause may be introduced by a preposition.

I am always ready to listen to whatever you may wish to disclose. (Eliot)

¹ As introduces attributive clauses when the demonstrative pronoun such is used in the principal clause.

He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid for one. (Cronin)

The relative pronoun that is hardly ever used to introduce an attributive relative non-restrictive clause.

He had emotion, fire, longings, that were concealed behind a wall of reserve. (Dr'eiser)

A variant of the attributive non-restrictive clause is the continu- ative clause, whose antecedent is not one word but a whole clause. Continuative clauses are always separated from the prin­cipal clause by a comma.

A continuative clause is introduced by the relative pronoun which, rendered in Russian by the pronoun что.

10 B. JI. Каушанская и др.

¹ The archaic pronoun of the second person singular is thou.

¹ The archaic pronoun of the second person singular is thyself.

I worked (wrote) He worked (wrote) She worked (wrote) We worked (wrote) You worked (wrote) They worked (wrote)

II В. Л. Каушанская и др.

¹ If the word-group to be pleased (displeased) is followed by a noun or pronoun the preposition with is used:

^[1] Gender, i. e. the distinction of nouns into masculine, feminine and neuter, may be expressed lexically by means of different words or word-compounds: father—mother man—woman

boy —girl gentleman —lady

husband — wife cock-sparro w — hen-sparrow

boy-friend — girl-friend man-servant — maid-servant

Very often personal or possessive pronouns indicate the gender of the noun. (See Chapter IV.)

^[2] The name proper is from Lat. proprius ‘one’s own’. Hence a proper name means one’s own individual name, as distinct from a common name, that can be Riven to a class of individuals. The name common is from Lat. communis and means that which is shared by several things or individuals possessing some

common characteristic.

^[4] On the use of articles with nouns of material see Chapter II, § 5, 6, 7.

^[5] On the use of articles with abstract nouns see Chapter II, § 8, 9, 10, 11.

^[6] AH the observations concerning the infinitive as subject, object, attribute and adverbial modifier of result hold good when these parts of the sentence are expressed by the /or-Zo-Infinitive Construction.

^[7] See Chapter XVII, The Complex Sentence.

^[8] See Chapter XII, The Preposition.

[9] See Chapter VI, The Words of the Category of State.

^[10] See Chapter XV, The Simple Sentence.

^[11] Modal words used as sentence-words are similar to the words yes and no expressing affirmation and negation, which are also sentence-words.

^[12] See Chapter XV, § 42.

[13] See Chapter VII, § 2.

^[14] See Chapter XVII, The Complex Sentence.

^[15] See the formation of the Imperative Mood (Chapter VII, Mood).

^[16] The word thing is used in a broad sense.

^[17] There is a great difference of opinion as to the nature of this predicate Most Soviet grammarians treat it as a subdivision of the simple predical (Jl. П. Винокурова; В. H. Жигадло, И. П. Иванова, JI. Л. Иофик; М. А. Гai шина и Н. М. Василевская), because it expresses one idea and its two comp' nents form an indivisible unit.

Theije is another view according to which it is a subdivision of the com pound predicate. Some English grammarians call it a ‘group-verb predicate

^[18] In Russian the link verb быть is generally not used in the Present tense: Его сестра учительница.

^[19] It should be borne in mind that by ‘aspect’ we do not mean here the verbal category of aspect but the lexical meaning of certain verbs as denoting the beginning, the duration and the cessation of the action.

^[20] Verbs with a modal meaning should not be confused with modal verbs as such, which in the English language form a special group of defective verbs (see Chapter VII, Modal Verbs).'

^[21] For this treatment of the close apposition see: В. H. Жигадло, И. П. Ива­нова, Л. Л. Иофик, Современный английский язык, М., 1956, стр. 290.

^[22] The prominent position of each part of the sentence will be treated in paragraphs dealing with the place of different parts of the sentence.

^[23] The conjunction while is not always coordinating. It may be a subordi­nating conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of time.

[24] found it hard to keep my mind on what the colonel was saying. (Greene)

An object clause is sometimes preceded by the introductory object it.

I insist upon it that you tell me what you mean. (Trollope)

As a rule object clauses are not separated by a comma from the principal clause. A comma may or may not be used if the object clause precedes the principal clause.

^[25] The conjunction as introduces adverbial clauses of concession in which the predicative stands first.

^[26] Some adjectives have no degrees of comparison (see § 7).

^[27] The archaic pronouns of the second person singular are: thy (conjoint), thl in' (absolute).

* No absolute form of the third person neuter pronoun exists.

^[28] The objective case of thou is thee.

^[29] In literary style the general principle is to associate with the pronoun he words indicating strong forces, violent passions, violent actions, big heavenly bodies (wind, fear, love, anger, despair, sun)-, and to associate with the pro­noun she gentler forces, gentler feelings, smaller heavenly bodies (hope, mercy, justice, modesty, moon).

^[30] There is a tendency in Modern English to use who, instead of whom, as an object:

Z. If it doesn’t matter who anybody marries, then it doesn’t matter who I marry and it doesn’t matter who you marry.

A. Whom, not who.

Z. Oh, speak English: you’re not ora the telephone now. -(Show)

^[31] See Chapter XVII, The Complex Sentence.

^[32] For this treatment of transitive and intransitive verbs see: В. H. Жигадло, И. П. Иванова, Л. Л. Иофик, Современный английский язык, М., 1956, стр. 87—89.

^[33] Should was originally the past tense of shall, but in the course of its it has acquired new shades of meaning.

^[34] The example is borrowed from A Modern English Grammar by O. Jes persen.

[35] am pleased with you (with your paper).

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