1. had to go out and tell. 2. should tell. 3. had to take. 4. should
have taken. 5. should have given, 6. had to bake. 7. should have baked.
8. had to wait. 9. had to wear. 10. should ask. 11. should, should have
called.
Упражнение 558
1. had to leave. 2. had to call. 3. should have disconnected. 4. had to
go. 5. should have written, had to translate. 6. should not have taken,
had to do. 7. should have seen, should have'gone. 8. had to attend. 9.
should have attended. 10. had to attend.
Упражнение 559
1. a) I did not have to buy sugar.
b) You need not have bought sugar.
2. a) We did not have to worry about her.
b) You need not have worried about us.
3. a) You need not have gone there.
b) We did not have to go there.
4. a) I did not have to go to the library.
b) You need not have gone to the library.
5. a) You need not have gone downtown.
b) I did not have to go downtown.
6. a) You need not have checked for spelling mistakes.
b) I did not have to check for spelling mistakes.
7. a) I did not have to ring him up.
b) I need not have rung him up.
Упражнение 560
1. should not have gone. 2. did not have to go. 3. need not have
worried. 4. should not run. 5. should not have told. 6. need not go. 7.
should not put. 8. need not give. 9. I'll just have to pay, I'll have to
give. 10. should call. 11. shouldn't be. 12. needn't have told. 13.
should be refrigerated. 14. don't have to do. 15. shouldn't be.
*/Ñâîäíûå óïðàæíåíèÿ íà ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû/ *
Упражнение 561
1. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, ïðîäàë ñâîå ïèàíèíî.
2. Îí, âîçìîæíî, ïðîäàë ñâîå ïèàíèíî.
3. Ìîæåò áûòü, îí è ïðîäàë ñâîå ïèàíèíî (õîòÿ âðÿä ëè).
4. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òî îí ïðîäàë ñâîå ïèàíèíî.
5. Åìó ñëåäîâàëî ïðîäàòü ïèàíèíî.
6. Åìó íå ñëåäîâàëî ïðîäàâàòü ïèàíèíî.
7. Îí ìîã è íå ïðîäàâàòü ïèàíèíî.
8. Åìó íå ïîíàäîáèëîñü ïðîäàâàòü ïèàíèíî.
9. Åìó ïðèøëîñü ïðîäàòü ïèàíèíî.
10. Åìó ïðåäñòîÿëî ïðîäàòü ïèàíèíî.
Упражнение 562
1. They must have gone to New York.
2. They may have gone to New York.
3. They might have gone to New York.
4. They can't have gone to New York.
5. They should have gone to New York.
6. They should not have gone to New York.
7. They need not have gone to New York.
8. They did not have to go to New York.
9. They had to go to New York.
10. They were to go to New York.
Упражнение 563
1. can, must. 2. can. 3. could. 4. can. 5. could. 6. can, must, can,
need. 7. must. 8. can (may), must. 9. can (may), must (may, can), must.
10. must, need, can. 11. must, need, can. 12. can, can, must. 13. can.
14. must.
Упражнение 564
1. need. 2. need, must. 3. can, shall be able to. 4. need. 5. may, can,
must. 6. must. 7. can, can. 8. had to, could. 9. have to. 10. can. 11.
can. 12. has to. 13. could, had to. 14. must, must, must, can, can,
need, must, must. 15. need.
Упражнение 565
1. You may take this book if you like. 2. You can take this book: it is
not heavy. 3. You need not take this book. 4. I cannot take this book.
5. Just think: we need not have gone there! 6. You need not agree at
once: think a few days. 7. You may go there today. 8. You need not go
there today. 9. You need not rewrite the essay. 10. You can stay: you
have time, don't you? 11. You may stay if you like. 12. You need not
stay if you don't want to. 13. You need not tell him about it. 14, You
may tell him about it. 15. We need not repeat these rules: we know them.
16. We need not have written the essay. 17. He need not have come:
everything had already been done.
Упражнение 566
1. You may go there: I don't mind. 2. You can go there: it is quite
near. 3. You cannot go there: you don't know the address. 4. You need
not go there: I can ring them up. 5. You must not go there: they are
very bad people. 6. You need not have gone there yesterday. 7. You
should go there: they are waiting for you. 8. You should have gone there
yesterday. 9. You should not have gone there yesterday. 10. She must be
at home now. 11. She must have been at home yesterday. 12. We may come
to see you tomorrow. 13. They may have come to our place, but we were
out. 14. He must have seen this monument when he was in your town. 15.
He may have seen this monument when he was in your town. 16. He can't
know this picture. 17. He can't have seen this picture. 18. He might
know the problem, so he might know the answer to this question, but I am
not very sure (not quite sure). 19. Where are they living? — They might
bå living abroad, but I am not so sure of it. 20. You must be asking for
trouble. 21. You should listen to him and try not to worry about it.
Упражнение 567
1. I must buy a cake today. 2. My brother cannot speak Finnish. 3. My
sister can speak Polish. 4. May I see your photo? 5. Can you show me
your photo? 6. He can't be forty: he looks much younger. 7. He can't
have forgotten to come. He must have been verybusy. 8. We may go to the
country if the weather is fine. 9. If my sister does not buy me any
coffee, I shall have to go to the shop myself. 10. I cannot find my
watch. — You may have left it at work. — No, I can't have left it at
work: I never take it off my wrist. 11. Will you be able to speak to him
tomorrow? 12. I must have lost my way. Can you tell me how to get to the
Hermitage? 13. I had to read a lot of books when I was getting ready for
my report. 14. I could not remember the last lines of the sonnet, and I
had to ring up my friend. 15. You can't watch TV until you have done
your homework. 16. We must keep in touch. 17. Don't worry, I'll be able
to come.
*/ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÛÅ ÓÏÐÀÆÍÅÍÈß / *
*/Êîíòðîëüíîå Упражнение 1 / *
Terrorism has been a global problem for airlines for decades. However,
although security at airports has always been tight, the 9/11 attacks
made it clear that new measures were necessary. As a result, many new
security procedures have been put into place. A good rule is to plan
ahead and prepare for the strictest security policies. Common sense and
wise planning are the keys to a successful trip.
One of the most important security measures at an airport is _confirming
_the identity of travellers. This is done by _checking_ a photo ID, such
as a driver's license. If you are travelling internationally, you need
to present your passport. Simply _taking_ a look at a photo ID isn't
enough, however. The high-tech buzzword in airport security today is
biometrics. Biometrics essentially means _checking fingerprints_,
retinal scans, and facial patterns using complex computer systems to
determine, if someone is who they say they are — or if they match a list
of people the government has determined might be potential terrorists.
Here are a few tips to keep in mind for passing carry-on security screening:
1) Check with your air carrier for specific check-in times if you are a
carry-on traveller. Remember screening lines will be longer during peak
travel time and Holidays.
2) Prepare for security screening, not just your carry-on items but your
check-in luggage and your person as well.
3) Be ready to answer any questions and do not accept items from
strangers. Keep your luggage and personal belongings with you at all time.
4) Any metal item (buttons, zippers, hair accessories, etc.) can set off
metal detectors. You can minimize screening time by reducing the number
of these items on your person.
5) You should carry proper identity to indicate any medical metal implants.
6) Shoes can trigger alarms. You may be asked to remove your shoes.
7) Be prepared to open and activate carry-on electronic items such as:
laptops, cameras, cell phones, etc.
8) Avoid further delay by waiting to lock carry-on luggage until you've
passed through screening areas. Any wrapped packages may be searched, so
wait to wrap any gifts or, if possible, pack such items in check-in luggage.
9) Avoid additional scrutiny by not carrying prohibited items, such as
all cutting and puncturing items, flammable liquids and containers under
pressure such as aerosols, matches and lighters, toy weapons, etc.
All rules and practices regarding security, carry-ons, and other
airline/airport practices are subject to change without notice, so it is
best to call your airline or check with the airport just before the
departure for the latest updates.
*/Êîíòðîëüíîå Упражнение 2 / *
The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX
Olympiad, took place in Beijing, China, from August 8 to August 24,
2008. A total of 11,028 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports.
Three nations participated in the Olympics for the first time. It was
the third time that the Summer Olympic Games were held in Asia, after
Tokyo, Japan in 1964 and Seoul, South Korea in 1988.
Beijing was awarded the Games over four competitors on July 13» 2001,
having won an absolute majority of votes from members of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) after two rounds of voting. The
Government of the People's Republic of China promoted the Games and
invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems. A total
of 37 venues were used to host the events including 12 constructed for
use at the Games. The National Stadium, nick-named the "Bird's Nest",
and the "Water Cube", were both stunning symbols of the new Beijing. In
cycling, the road race followed the Great Wall and passed in front of
the "Forbidden City" — two symbols of the thousand-year-old history of
the city. The Games were a source of national pride for China.
Beijing was the Games of records. The Opening Ceremony was
unforgettable; the athletes' achievements were astonishing, the
organization was excellent. These Olympics had the largest television
audience in Olympic history. Several hundred million watched worldwide
on TV as more than 40 world records and over 130 Olympic records were
broken. Chinese athletes won the most gold medals, with 51, and 100
medals altogether. Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Mauritius and Togo all were
given their first medals during the Olympic Games. However Mongolia,
Bahrain and Panama managed to go one better with their athletes bringing
home their country's first Olympic gold. There were many memorable
champions but it was Michael Phelps and Usain Bolt who stole the
headlines. Michael Phelps, the phenomenal US swimmer, bettered Mark
Spitz's achievement at the 1972 Munich Games by claiming eight golds in
one Olympics. The incredible Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt secured the
traditional title of "World's Fastest Man" by setting new world records
in the 100 metres and 200 metres sprints.
At the closing ceremony IOC president Jacques Rogge declared the event a
"truly exceptional Games" after earlier asserting that the IOC had
"absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 Games.
a) Ïðè÷àñòèå: having won, bringing;
b) Ãåðóíäèé: of voting, in cycling, by claiming, by setting, in choosing;
c) Îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå: asserting;
d) Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå: stunning, astonishing, opening, closing;
e) Ïðåäëîã: including, during.
*/Êîíòðîëüíîå Упражнение 3 / *
The Earth's climate has changed many times during the planet's history,
with events ranging from ice ages to long periods of warmth.
Historically, natural factors such as volcanic eruptions, changes in the
Earth's orbit, and the amount of energy released from the Sun have
affected the Earth's climate. For over the past 200 years, the burning
of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and deforestation have caused the
concentrations of "greenhouse gases" in our atmosphere. These gases
prevent heat from escaping to space, causing the atmosphere to become
warmer. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of
Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century. So human
activities have changed the composition of the atmosphere and therefore
very likely are influencing the Earth's climate. But climate change
affects people, plants, and animals. Scientists have observed that some
changes are occurring at present. Observed effects include sea level
rise, shrinking glaciers, changes in the range and distribution of
plants and animals, trees blooming earlier, lengthening of growing
seasons, ice on rivers and lakes freezing later and breaking up earlier,
and thawing of permafrost. Scientists are working to better understand
future climate change and how societies and the Earth's environment will
adapt to or cope with climate change.
a) Ïðè÷àñòèå I: ranging, causing, influencing, occuring, blooming,
growing, freezing, breaking up, working;
b) Ãåðóíäèé: escaping, shrinking;
c) Îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå: burning, warming, lengthening, thawing.
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