1-cranium; 2-columna vertebralis; 3-clavicula; 4-scapula; 5-sternum; 6-humerus; 7-radius; 8-ulna; 9-ossa carpi; 10-ossa metacarpi; 11-pha-langes digitorum manus; 12-os coxae; 13-os sacrum; 14-symphisis pubica; 15-osfemoris; 16-patella; 17-tibia; 18-fibula; 19-ossa metatarsi; 20-ossa tarsi; 21-phalanges digitorum pedis; 22-cosiae (compages thoracis)
Fig. 1. Human skeleton. Anterior aspect.
1-cranium; 2-vertebral column; 3-clavicle; 4-scapula; 5-sternum; 6-humerus; 7-radius; 8-ulna; 9-carpal bones; 10-metacarpals; 11-pha-langes of fingers of hand; 12-hipbone; 13-sacrum; 14-pubicsymphysis; 15-thigh bone; 16-patella; 17-tibia; 18-fibula; 19-tarsal bones; 20-mctalarsals; 21-phalanges of digits of foot; 22-ribs (thoracic cage).
Fig. 2. Skeleton hominis. Вид сзади.
I-cranium; 2-columna vertebralis; 3-scapula; 4-humerus; 5-ulna; 6-radius; 7-ossa carpi; 8-ossa metacarpi; 9-phalanges digitorum manus; 10-os coxae; 11-os femoris; I2-tibia; I3-fibula; 14-ossa pedis; 15-ossa tarsi; 16-ossa metatarsi; 17-phalanges digitorum pedis; I8-os sacrum; I9-costae (compages thoracis).
Fig. 2. Human skeleton. Posterior aspect.
1-skull; 2-vertebral column; 3-scapula; 4-humerus; 5-ulna; 6-radius; 7-carpal bones; 8-metacarpaIs; 9-phalanges of fingers of hand; 10-hip bone; 11-thigh bone; 12-tibia; 13-fibu!a; 14-bones of foot; 15-tarsal bones; 16-metatarsals; 17-phalanges of digits of foot; 18-sacrum; 19-ribs (thoracic cage).
Fig. 3. Columna vertebralis. А - вид спереди; Б — вид сзади; В — вид сбоку. 1-vertebrae cervicales; 2-vertebrae thoracicae; 3-vertebrae lumbales; 4-os sacrum; 5-os coccygis.
Fig. 3. \fertebral column.
A-anterior aspect; Б-posterior aspect; B-lateral aspect! 1-cervical vertebrae; 2-thoracic vertebrae; 3-lumbar vertebrae: 4-sacrum; 5-coccyx.
1-processus spinosus; 2- arcus vertebrae; 3- processus transversus; 4-foramen vertebrale; 5 - pediculus arcus vertebrae; 6 - corpus vertebrae; 7- fovea costalis; 8 - processus articularis superior; 9- fovea costalis transversus (fovea costalis processus transversi)
Fig. 4. Thoracic vertebra. Superior aspect.
1-spinous process; 2-vertebral arch; 3-transverse process; 4-vertebral foramen; 5-pedicle; 6-vertebra! body; 7-costal facet; 8-superior articular process; 9- transverse costal facet.
I - corpus vertebrae; 2- fovea costalis; 3 - incisura vertebralis superior; 4-processus articularis superior; 5- fovea costalis transversus (fovea costalis processus transversi); 6- processus transversus; 7- processus spinosus; 8 - processus articulares inferiores; 9- incisura vertebralis inferior.
Fig. 5. Thoracic vertebra. Lateral aspect.
I-vertebral body; 2-costal facet; 3-superior vertebral notch; 4-superior articular process; 6-transverse costal facet; 7-spinous process; 8-inferi-or articular process; 9-inferior vertebral notch.
Fig. 6. Vertebra cervicalis prima (atlas). Вид сверху. 1- tuberculum posterius; 2 - arcus posterior; 3- foramen vertebrale; 4-sulcus arteriae vertebralis; 5- fovea articularis superior; 6- foramen transversarium; 7- processus transversus; 8- massa lateralis;9- fovea dentis; 10-tuberculum anterius; 11 - arcus anterior.
Fig. 6. The first cervical vertebra (atlas). Superior aspect. I-posterior tubercle; 2-posterior arch; 3-yertebral foramen; 4-groove for vertebral artery; 5-transverse foramen; 6- foramen transversarium; 7-transverse process; 8-lateral mass; 9-facet for dens; 10-anterior tubercle; 11-anterior arch.
Fig. 7. Vertebra cervicalis secunda (axis). Вид сзади и сверху. I - dens; 2- facies articularis posterior; 3- corpus vertebrae; 4- facie articularis superior; 5 - processus transversus; 6- processus articular! inferior; 7 - arcus vertebrae; 8 - processus spinosus.
Fig. 7. The second cervical vertebra (axis).
Posterior and superior aspects.
1-dens; 2-posterior articular facet; 3-vertebral body; 4-superior articu lar facet; 5-transverse process; 6-inferior articular process; 7-vertebr; arch; 8-spinous process.
Fig. 8. Vertebra cervicalis. Вид сверху.
1-processus spinosus; 2-foramen vertebrale; 3-arcus vertebrae; 4-processus articularis superior; 5-processus transversus; 6-tuberculum posterius processus transversus; 7-tuberculum caroticum; 8-foramen transversarium; 9-corpus vertebrae.
Fig. 8. Cervical vertebra. Superior aspect.
1-spinous process; 2-vertebral foramen; 3-vertebral arch; 4-superior articular process; 5-transverse process; 6-posterior tubercle of transverse process; 7-anterior (carotid) tubercle; 8-foramen transversarium; 9-vertebral body.of transverse process; 7-anterior (carotid) tubercle; 8-foramen transversarium; 9-vertebral body.
Fig. 9. Vertebra lumbalis. Вид сверху.
l-processus spinosus; 2-arcus vertebrae; 3-processus articularis superior; 4-processus mamillaris; 5-processus accessorius; 6-processus transversus; 7-foramen vertebrale; 8-pediculus arcus vertebrae; 9-corpus vertebrae.
Fig. 9. Lumbar vertebra. Superior aspect.
l-spinous process; 2-vertebral arch; 3-superior articular process; 4-mammillary process; 5-accessory process; 6-transverse process; 7-ver-tebral foramen; 8-pedicle; 9-vertebral body.
Fig. 10. Os sacrum. Вид спереди (тазовая поверхность). 1-basis ossi sacri; 2-processus arlicularis superior; 3-pars lateralis; 4-lineae transversae; 5-foramina sacralia anteriora; 6-apex ossis sacri; 7-os coccygis; 8-vertebrae sacrales.
Fig. 10. Sacrum. Anterior aspect (pelvic surface). 1-base; 2-superior articular process; 3-lateral part; 4-transverse ridges; 5-anterior sacral foramina; 6-apex; 7-coccyx; 8-sacral vertebrae.
Fig. 11. Os sacrum.
Вид сзади (дорсальная поверхность).
1-canalis sacralis; 2-processus articularis superior;3-tuberositas sacralis; 4-facies auricularis; 5-crista sacralis lateralis; 6-crista sacralis intermedia; 7-hiatus sacralis (foramen canalis sacralis inferius); 8-cornu sacrale; 9-os coccygis (vertebrae coccygeae); 10-cornu coc-cygeum; 11 -foramina sacralia posteriora; 12-crista sacralis mediana.
Fig. 11. Sacrum. Posterior aspect (dorsal surface).
1-sacral canal (superior opening); 2-superior articular process; 3-sacral tuberosity; 4-auricular surface; 5-lateral sacral crest; 6-intermediate sacral crest; 7-sacral hiatus (inferior opening of sacral canal); 8-sacral horn; 9-coccyx (coccygeal) vertebrae; 10-coccygeal cornu; 11-posteri-or (dorsal) sacral foramina.
Fig. 12. Thorax. Вид спереди.
1-vertebra thoracica (Thl); 2-caput costae primae; 3-costa prima; 4-incisura clavicularis sterni; 5-manubrium sterni; 6-costa II; 7-corpus sterni; 8-cartilagines costales; 9-processus xiphoideus; 10-arcus costal-is; 11-processuscostalis vertebrae lumbalis (LI); 12-angulus infraster-nalis; 13-costa XI I; 14-costaVII; 15-costa VIII.
Fig. 12. Thoracic cage.
Anterior aspect.
1-first (I) thoracic vertebra; 2-caput of the 1 rib; 3-1 rib; 4-clavicular notch; 5-manubrium of sternum; 6-second (11) rib; 7-body of sternum; 8-costal cartilage; 9-xiphoid process; 10-costal arch; 11-costal process of the first lumbar vertebra; 12-subcostal angle; 13-12 (XII) rib; 14-sev-enth (VII) rib; 15-eighth (VIII) rib.
Fig. 13. Sternum.
Вид спереди.
1-incisura jugularis; 2-incisura clavicularis; 3-incisura costalis I; 4-angulus sterni; 5-incisura costalis II; 6-incisura costalis III; 7-incisura costalis IV; 8-incisura costalis V; 9-incisura costalis VI; 10-incisura costalis VII; 11 -processus xiphoideus; 12-софи5 sterni; 13-manubrium sterni.
Fig. 13. Sternum. Anterior aspect.
I-jugular notch; 2-clavicular notch; 3-costal notch for the first rib; 4-costal angle; 5-costal notch for the second rib; 6-costal notch for the third rib; 7-costaI notch for the forth rib; 8-costal notch for the fifth rib; 9-costal notch for the sixth rib; 10-costal notch for the seventh rib; 11-xiphoid process; 12-body of sternum; 13-manubrium of sternum.
Fig. 14. Costae. Вид сверху. A-costa (I) prima; Б-costa II; B-costa VIII
A. 1-caput costae; 2-collum costae; 3-tuberculum costae; 4-sulcus arteriae subclaviae; 5-tuberculum musculi scaleni anterioris; 6-sulcus venae subclaviae.
Б. 1-caput costae; 2-collum costae; 3-tuberculum costae.
B. 1-caput costae; 2-facies articularis capitis costae; 3-crista capitis costae; 5-corpus costae; 6-pars sternalis costae.
Fig. 14. Ribs.
A-firth rib; Б-second rib; B-eighth rib.
A. 1-head of rib; 2-neck of rib; 3-tubercle of rib; 4-groove forsubcla-vian artery; 5-scalene tubercle; 6-groove for subclavian vein.
Б. 1-head of rib; 2-neck of rib; 3-tubercle of rib.
B. 1-head of rib; 2-articular facet; 3-crest of head of rib; 4-costal groove; 5-body of rib; 6-sternal end of rib. 
18-глабелла (надпереносье); 19-лобный бугор.
Fig. 15. Cranium.
Вид спереди.
1-os frontale; 2-sutura coronalis; 3-os parietale; 4-orbita; 5-pars squamosa; 6-os zygomaticum; 7-maxilla; 8-apertura piriformis; 9-mandibula; 10-tuberculum mentale; 11-denies mandibulae; 12-sutura intermaxillaris; 13-os nasale; 14-arcus zygomaticum; 15-os lacrimale; 16-ala major osis sphenoidalis; 17-arcus superciliaris; 18-glabella; 19-tuber frontale.
Fig. 15. Cranium.
Anterior aspect.
1-frontal bone; 2-coronal suture; 3-temporal bone; 4-orbit; 5-tempo-ral squama; 6-zygomatic bone; 7-maxilla; 8-piriform aperture; 9-mandible; 10-mental tubercle; 11-teeth of mandible; 12-intermaxillary sutura; 13-nasal bone; 14-zygomatic arch; 15-lacrimal bone; 16-greater wing of sphenoid bone; 17-superciliary arch; 18-glabella; 19-frontal tuber.
Fig. 16. Cranium. Вид справа.
1-os temporale; 2-os parietale; 3-sutura coronalis; 4-os frontale; 5-tuber frontale; 6-ala major ossis sphenoidalis; 7-orbita; 8-os lacrimale; 9-osnasale; 10-processus frontalis maxillae; 11-maxilla; 12-jugaalveo-laria maxillae; 13-os zygomaticum; 14-lbramen mentale; 15-tuberosi-tas mandibulae; 16-processuscoronoideus mandibulae; 17-arcus zygo-maticus; 18-processusstyloideus; 19-processuscondylaris mandibulae; 20-processus mastoideus ossis temporalis; 21 -porus acusticus externus; 22-pars squamosa; 23-os occipitale; 24-linea temporalis inferior; 25-linea temporalis superior.
Fig. 16. Cranium. Lateral aspect.
1-temporal bone; 2-parietal bone; 3-coronaI (serrate) suture; 4-f rental bone; 5-fronta! tuber; 6-greater wing of sphenoid bone; 7-orbit; 8-lacrimal bone; 9-nasal bone; 10-fronlal process of maxilla; 11-maxilla; 12-alveolar yokes; 13-zygomatic bone; 14-mental foramen; 15-masse-teric tuberosity; 16-coronal process of mandible; 17-zygomatic arch; 18-styloid process; 19-articular process of mandible; 20-mastoid process of temporal bone; 21-external acustic meatus; 22-squamous part of temporal bone; 23-occipital bone; 24-inferior temporal line; 25-superior temporal line.
Fig. 17. Os frontale. Вид спереди.
1-squama frontalis; 2-tuber frontale; 3-glabella; 4-processus zygomati-cus; 5-margo supraorbitalis; 6-pars nasalis; 7-spina nasalis; 8-incisura frontalis; 9-arcus superciliaris; 10-foramen supraorbitale; ll-linea tempo rails.
Fig. 17. Frontal bone. Anterior aspect.
l-squamotis part; 2-frontal tuber; 3-glabella; 4-zygomatic process; 5-supra-orbital margin; 6-nasal part; 7-nasal spine; 8-frontal notch; 9-superciliary arch; 10-supra-orbital foramen; 11-temporal line.
Fig. 18. Os frontale. Вид сзади.
I -margo parietalis; 2-sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris; 3-crista frontal-is; 4-processus zygomaticus; 5-impressiones digitatae; 6-foramen caecum; 7-pars nasalis; 8-pars orbitalis; 9-eminentiae cerebrale; 10-sulci arteriosi; 11-squama frontalis.
Fig. 18. Frontal bone. Posterior aspect.
I -temporal margin; 2-groove tor superior sagittal sinus; 3-frontal crest; 4-zygomatic process; 5-impressions of cerebral gyri; 6-foramen caecum; 7-nasal part; 8-orbital part; 9-cerebral eminences; 10-arterial grooves; 1 l-squamouspart.
2. Карманный атлас адатом, челок.
Рис. 19. Клиновидная (основная) кость (os sphenoidale).
Вид сзади.
Fig. 19. Os sphenoidale. Вид сзади.
1-canalis opticus; 2-dorsum sellae; 3-processus clinoideus posterior; 4-processus clinoideus anterior; 5-ala minor; 6-fissura orbitalis superior; 7-angulus parietalis; 8-ala major (facies cerebralis); 9-foramen rotun-dum; 10-canalispterygoideus; 11-fossa scaphoidea; 12-laminalateralis (processus pterygoidei); 13-incisura pterygoidea; 14-sulcus hamuli pterygoidei; 15-processus vaginalis; 16-crista sphenoidalis; 17-coфus ossis sphenoidalis; 18-lamina medialis (processus pterygoidei); 19-hamulus pterygoideus; 20-fossa pterygoidea; 21-sulcus caroticus.
Рис. 20. Клиновидная (основная) кость (os sphenoidale).
Fig. 20. Os sphenoidale. Вид спереди.
1 -apertura sinus sphenoidalis; 2-dorsum sellae; 3-concha sphenoidalis; 4-ala minor; 5-fissura orbitalis superior; 6-margo zygomaticum; 7-facies infratemporalis; 8-spina ossis sphenoidalis; 9-sulcus ptery-gopalatinus; 10-lamina lateralis; 11-hamulus pterygoideus; 12-lamina medialis processus pterygoidei; 13-processus vaginalis; 14-critsa sphenoidalis; 15-incisurapterygoidea; I6-canalis pterygodeus; 17-foramen rotundum; 18-crista infratemporalis; 19-facies orbitalis alamajoris; 20-facies temporalis ala majoris.
Fig. 21. Os occipitale. Вид спереди.
1-sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris; 2-squama ossis occipitalis; 3-protuberantia occipitalis interna; 4-crista occipitalis interna; 5-foramen magnum; 6-sulcus sinus sigmoidei; 7-canalis condilaris; 8-sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris; 9-clivus; 10-pars basilaris; 11-pars lateralis; 12-incisurajugularis; 13-tuberculum jugularis; 14-processusjugularis; 15-fossa occipitalis inferior; 16-sulcus sinus transversus; 17-fossa occipitalis superior.
Fig. 22. Os occipitale. Вид сзади.
1-linea nuchalis supreme; 2-protuberantia occipitalis externa; 3-linea nuchalis superior; 4-linea nuchalis inferior; 5-canaIis condilaris; 6-condylus occipitalis; 7-processus intrajugularis; 8-tuberculum pharyngeum; 9-pars basilaris; 10-pars lateralis; 11-incisura jugularis; 12-processus jugularis; 13-fossa condylaris; 14-foramen magnum; 15-facies nuchalis; 16-crista occipitalis externa; 17-squama occipitalis.
Fig. 23. Os parietale. Наружная поверхность, l-angulus trontalis; 2-linca tcmporalis superior; 3-margo frontalis; 4-linea temporalis inferior; 5-angulus sphenoidalis; 6-margo squamosus; 7-angulus mastoideus; 8-margo occipitalis; 9-tuber parietale; 10-margo sagittalis.
Fig. 23. Parietal bone. External surface.
1-frontal angle; 2-superior temporal line; 3-frontal margin; 4-infcrior temporal line; 5-sphenoid angle; 6-squamosal border; 7-mastoid angle; 8-occipital border; 9-parietal tuber; 10-sagittal border.
Fig. 24. Os parietale. Внутренняя поверхность. 1-angulus occipitalis; 2-margo occipitalis; 3-sulci arteriosi; 4-sulcus sinus sigmoidei; 5-angulus mastoideus; 6-margo squamosus; 7-angulus sphenoidalis; 8-margo frontalis; 9-angulus frontalis; 10-foveolae granalares; 11-margo sagittalis; 12-sulcus sinus sugittalis superioris.
Fig. 24. Parietal bone. Internal surface.
1-occipital angle; 2-occipital border; 3-grooves for arteries; 4-groove for sigmoid sinus; 5-mastoid angle; 6-squamosal border; 7-sphenoid angle; 8-frontal border; 9-frontal angle; 10-granularfoveolae; 11-sagittal border; 12-groove for superior sagittal sinus.
Fig. 25. Os ethmoidale. Вид сзади.
1-cristagalli; 2-lamina orbitalis; 3-lamina perpendicularis; 4-processus uncinatus; 5-concha nasalis media; 6-concha nasalis superior; 7-cellu-lae ethmoidales.
Fig. 25. Ethmoidal bone. Posterior aspect. 1-crista galli; 2-orbital plate; 3-perpendicular plate; 4-uncinate process; 5-middle nasal concha; 6-superior nasal concha; 7-ethmoidal cells.
Fig. 26. Os ethmoidale. Вид сверху.
1 -lamina perpendicularis; 2-concha nasalis media; 3-cristagalli;4-cel-lulae ethmoidales; 5-lamina cribrosa; 6-lamina orbitalis; 7-sulcus eth-moidalis anterior; 8-processus uncinatus.
Fig. 26. Ethmoidal bone. Superior aspect.
I -perpendicular ptale; 2-middle nasal concha; 3-grista galli; 4-ethmoid cells; 5-cribriform plate; 6-orbital plate; 7-anterior ethmoidal groove; 8-uncinate process.
Fig. 27. Os temporale. Наружная поверхность. Вид справа. 1-pars squamosa ossis temporal is; 2-processus zygomaticus; 3-tubercu-lum articulare; 4-fossa mandibularis; 5-flssura petrosquamosa; 6-fis-sura petrotympanica; 7-processus styloideus; 8-pars tympanica ossis temporalis; 9-porus acusticus externus; 10-processus mastoideus; 11-incisura mastoidea; 12-incisura tympanomastoidea; 13-spina suprameatica; 14-foramen mastoideus; 15-incisura parietalis;16-linca temporalis.
Fig. 27. Temporal bone. External surface. Right aspect. 1-squamous part; 2-zygomatic process; 3-articular tubercle; 4-mandibular fossa; 5-petrosquamous fissure; 6-petrotympanic fissure; 7-styloid process; 8-tympanic part of temporal bone; 9-external acoustic opening; 10-mastoid process; ll-mastoid notch; 12-tympa-nomastoid fissure; 13-suprameatal spine; 14-mastoid foramen; 15-parietal notch; 16-temporal line.
Fig. 28. Os temporale. Внутренняя поверхность. 1-pars squamosa ossis temporalis; 2-eminentia arcuata; 3-incisura parietal is; 4-tegmen tympani; 5-sulcus sinus petrosi superioris; 6-sulcus sinus sigmoidei; 7-foramen mastoideum; 8-margo occipitalis; 9-aper-tura externa aqueductus vestibuli; 10-fossa subarcuata; 11-vagina processus styloidei; 12-processus styloideus; 13-apertura externa canaliculi cochleae; 14-porus acusticus internus; 15-sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris; 16-facies posterior partis petrosae; 17-apex partis pet-rosae; 18-processuszygomaticus; 19-sulci arteriosi.
Fig. 28. Temporal bone. Internal surface.
1-squamous part of temporal bone; 2-arcuate eminence; 3-parietal notch; 4-tegmen tympani; 5-superior petrosal sinus; 6-groove for sig-moid sinus; 7-mastoid foramen; 8-occipital margin; 9-opening of vestibular canaliculus; 10-subarcuate fossa; II-sheath of styloid process; 12-styloid process; 13-opening of cochlear canaliculus; 14-internal acoustic opening; 15-groove for inferior petrosal sinus; 16-pos-terior surface of petrous part; 17-apex of petrous part; 18-zygomatic process; 19-grooves for arteries
Fig. 29. Os temporale. Вид снизу. Правая кость. 1-meatus acusticus externus; 2-processus styloideus; 3-tuberculum retroarticularis; 4-fossa mandibularis; 5-tuberculum articulare; 6-processus zygomaticus; 7-fissura petrosquamosa; 8-processus inferior partis petrosae ossis temporalis; 9-fissura petrotympanica; IQ-canalis musculotubarius; 11-apenura interna canalis carotid; 12-apertura externa canalis carotici; 13-fossula petrosa; 14-apertura externa canali-culi cochleae; 15-canaliculus mastoideus; 16-fossa jugularis; 17-fora-men stylomastoideum; 18-margo occipitalis; 19-sulcus arteriae occipi-talis; 20-incisura mastoidea; 21-processus mastoideus..
Fig. 29. Right temporal bone. Inferior aspect. 1-external acoustic meatus; 2-styloid process; 3-retroarticular tubercle; 4-mandibular fossa; 5-articular tubercle; 6-zygomatic process; 7-pet-rosquamous fissure; 8-inferior process of petrous part; 9-petrotympan-ic fissure; 10-musculotubal canal; 11-internal opening of carotid canal; 12-external opening of carotid canal; 13-petrosal fossula; 14-opening of cochlear canaliculus; 15-mastoid canaliculus; 16-jugular fossa; 17-stylomastoid foramen; 18-occipital border; 19-occipital groove; 20-mastoid notch; 21 -mastoid process.
Fig. 30. Os temporale. Распил через барабанную полость вдоль
длинной оси пирамиды (правая кость).
1-squama ossis temporale; 2-antrum mastoideum; 3-protuberantia canalis semicircularis lateralis; 4-protuberantia canalis nervi facialis; 5-fenestra vestibuli; 6-зонд в canalis nervi facialis; 7-hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris; 8-hiatus canalis nervi petrosi minoris; 9-sulcus nervi petrosi majoris; 10-sulcus nervi petrosi minoris; 11-semicanalis mus-culi tensoris tympani; 12-semicanalis tubae auditivae; 13-apertura interna canalis carotici; 14-apertura externa canalis carotici; 15-promontorium;16-cavum tympani; 17-eminentia partis petrosae; 18-foramen stylomastoideum; 19-cellulae mastoideae.
Rg. 30. Temporal bone. Section through tympanic cavity along
longitudinal axis of pyramid (right temporal bone). 1-squamous part of temporal bone; 2-antrum mastoideum; 3-promi-nence of lateral semicircular canal; 4-prominence of facial canal; 5-vestibular window; 6-probe within facial canal; 7-hiatus for greater pet-rosal nerve; 8-hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve; 9-groove for greater petrosal nerve; 10-groove for lesser petrosal nerve; 11-canal for tensor tympanic; 12-canal for auditory tube; 13-internal opening of carotid canal; 14-exter-nal opening of carotid canal; 15-promontory; 16-tympanic cavity; 17-pyramidal eminence; 18-stylomastoid foramen; 19-mastoid cells.
1 -processus frontalis; 2-crista lacrimalis anterior; 3-margo infraorbital-is; 4-facies anterior; 5-foramen infraorbitalis; 6-incisura nasalis; 7-spina nasalis anterior; 8-corpus maxillae; 9-juga alveolaria; 10-proces-sus zygomaticus; 11-foramina alveolaria; 12-tuber maxillae; 13-sulcus intraorbitalis; 14-facies orbitalis.
Fig. 31. Right maxilla. Lateral aspect.
1-t'rontal process; 2-anterior lacrimal crest; 3-infra-orbital margin; 4-anterior surface; 5-infra-orbital foramen; 6-nasal notch; 7-anterior nasal spine; 8-body of maxilla; 9-alveolar yokes; 10-xygomatic process; ll-alveolar foramen; 12-maxillary tuberosity; 13-infra-orbital groove; 14-orbital surface.
Fig. 32. Maxilla. Правая. Вид внутренней стороны. 1-processus frontalis; 2-margo lacrimalis; 3-sulcus lacrimalis; 4-sinus maxillaris; 5-facies nasalis corporis maxillae; 6-sulcus palatinus; 7-processus alveolaris; 8-processus palatinus; 9-canalis incisivus; 10-spina nasalis anterior; 11-cristaconchalis; 12-cristaethmoidalis.
Fig. 32. Maxilla. Inner aspect.
1-frontal process; 2-lacrimal margin; 3-lacrimal groove; 4-maxillary sinus; 5-nasal surface of body of maxilla; 6-greater palatine groove; 7-alveolar process; 8-palatine process; 9-incisive canal; 10-anterior nasal spine; 11-conchal crest; 12-ethmoidal crest.
Fig. 33. Os zygomaticum. Правая. Вид сбоку. Г-processus frontalis; 2-facies orbitalis; 3-foramen zigomaticoorbitale; 4-facies lateralis; 5-processus temporalis.
Fig. 33. Right zygomatic bone. Lateral aspect. 1-frontal process; 2-orbital surface; 3-zygomaticoorbital foramen; 4-lateral surface; 5-temporal process.
Рис. 34. Сошник (vomer).
Левая сторона. 1-решетчатый край; 2-левое крыло сошника; 3-свобод-ный край; 4-небный край.
Fig. 34. \fomer. Левая сторона. 1 -marge ethtnoidalis; 2-ala sin-istra vomeris; 3-margo liber; 4-margo patatinus.
Fig. 34. Vomer. Left aspect. 1-ethmoid border; 2-left ala of vomer; 3-free border; 4-palatine border.
Fig. 35. Ossa nasalia. Вид сверху. 1-sutura internasalia; 2-foramen ossis nasalis; 3-margo liber;
Fig. 35. Nasal bones. Superior aspect. 1-internasal suture; 2-nasal foramen; 3-free border.
Рис. 36. Нижняя носовая раковина (concha nasalis inferior).
Вид со стороны полости носа. I-слезный отросток; 2-решетча-тый отросток; 3-нижний (свободный) край.
Fig. 36. Concha nasalis inferior. Вид со стороны полости носа. l-processuslacrimalis;2-processusethmoidalis; 3-margo inferior (liber).
Fig. 36. Interior nasal cocha. View from the side of nasal cavity, l-lacrimal process; 2-ethmoidal process; 3-inferior (tree) edge.
Fig. 37. Os lacrimale. Вид с латеральной стороны, l-sulcus lacrimalis; 2-crista lacrimalis posterior; 3-hamulus lacrimalis.
Fig. 37. Lacrimal bone. Lateral aspect. 1-lacrimal groove; 2-posterior lacrimal crest; 3-lacrimal hamulus.
Fig. 38. Os palatium. Вид с медиальной стороны. I-processus orbitalis; 2-crista ethmoidalis; 3-incisura sphenopalatina: 4-processus sphenoidalis; 5-lamina peфcndiculaгis; 6-crista conchalis; 7-lamina horizontalis; 8-processus pyramidalis; 9-sulcus palatinus major; 10-spina nasalis posterior; 11-crista nasalis; 12-processus maxillaris.
Fig. 38. Palatine bone. Medial aspect.
1-orbital process; 2-ethmoidal crest; 3-sphenopalatine notch; 4-sphe-noid process; 5-peфendicu!ar plate (nasal surface); 6-conchal crest: 7-horizontal plate; 8-pyramidal process; 9-greater palatine groove; 10-posterior nasal spine; 11-nasal crest; 12-maxillary surface.
Fig. 39. Mandibula. Вид сверху и слева.
1 -processus coronoideus; 2-processus condylaris; 3-foramen mandibu-lae; 4-incisura mandibulae; 5-caput mandibulae; 6-ramus mandibulae; 7-tuberositas masseterica; 8-angulus mandibulae; 9-linea obliqua; 10-basis mandibulae; 11-corpus mandibulae; 12-foramen mentale; 13-protuberantia mentalis; 14-juga alveolaria.
Fig. 39. Mandibula. Superior and left aspects.; l-coronoid process; 2-condylar process; 3-mandibular foramen; 4-mandibular notch; 5-head of mandible; 6-ramus of mandible; 7-mas-seteric tubcrosity; 8-angle of mandible; 9-oblique line; 10-base of mandible; 11-body of mandible; 12-mental foramen; 13-mental protuberance; 14-alveolar yokes.
Fig. 40. Os hyoideum. Вид спереди. 1-corpus ossis hyoidei; 2-cornu major; 3-comu minor.
Fig. 40. Hyoid bone. Anterior aspect. 1-body of hyoid bone; 2-greater horn; 3-lesser horn.
Fig. 41. Basis cranii externa. Вид снизу.
1-proccssus palatinus maxillae; 2-foramen incisivum; 3-sutura palatina mediana; 4-sutura palatina transversa; 5-choana; 6-fissura orbilalis interior; 7-arcus zygomaticus; 8-ala vomeris; 9-fossa pterygoidea; 10-lamina lat-eralisprocessuspterygoidei; 11-processuspterygoideus; 12-foramen ovale; 13-fossa mandibularis; 14-processusstyloideus; 15-meatusacusticusexter-nus; 16-processusmastoideus; 17-incisura mastoidea; 18-condylusoccip-italis; 19-fossacondylaris; 20-foramen magnum; 21-linea nuchalis inferior; 22-protuberantia occipitalis externa; 23-tuberculum pharyngeum; 24-canalis condylaris; 25-foramen jugulare; 26-sutura occipitomastoidea; 27-foramen caroticum externum; 28-foramen stylomastoideum; 29-fora-men lacerum; 30-fissura petrotympanica; 31-foramen spinosum; 32-tuberculum aniculare; 33-sutura sphenosquamosa; 34-hamulus ptery-goideas; 35-foramen palatinum majus; 36-sutura zygomaticomaxillaris.
Fig. 41. External surface of cranial base. Inferior aspect. 1-palatine process of maxilla; 2-incisive canal; 3-median palatine suture; 4-transverse palatine suture; 5-choanae; 6-superior orbital fissure; 7-zygomatic arch; 8-ala of vomer; 9-pterygoid fossa; I0-lateral pterygoid plate; I l-pterygoid process; 12-oval toramen; 13-mandibular fossa; 14-styloid process; 15-external acoustic mcatus; 16-mastoid process; 17-mastoid notch; 18-occipital condyle; 19-condylar fossa; 20-foramen magnum; 21-inferior nuchal line; 22-external occipital protuberance; 23-pharyngeal tubercle; 24-condylar canal; 25-jugular foramen; 26-occipitomastoid suture; 27-external opening of carotid canal; 28-stylomastoid foramen; 29-foramen lacerum; 30-petrotym-panic fissure; 31-spinous foramen; 32-articular tubercle; 33-sphenosquamosal suture; 34-ptcrygoid hamulus; 35-greater palatine foramen; 36-zygomaticomaxillar suture.
Fig. 42. Basis cranii interna. Вид сверху.
1-pars orbitalis ossis fronialis; 2-crista galli; 3-lamina cribrosa; 4-canalis opticus; 5-fossa hypophysialis; 6-dorsum sellae; 7-f'oramen rotundum; 8-foramen ovale; 9-foramen lacerum; 10-foramen spin-osum; I l-porus acusticus intemus; 12-foramen jugulare; 13-canalis hypoglossus; 14-sutura lambdoidea; 15-clivus; 16-sulcus sinus trans-versi; 17-protuberantia occipitalis interna; 18-foramen magnum; 19-squama occipitalis; 20-sulcus sinus sigmoidci; 21-pars petrosa ossis tcmporalis; 22-pars squamosa ossis temporalis; 23-ala major ossis sphe-noidalis; 24-ala minor ossis sphenoidalis.
Fig. 42. Internal surface of cranial base. Superior aspect. 1-orbital part of frontal bone; 2-crista galli; 3-cribriform plate; 4-optic canal; 5-hypophysial fossa; 6-dorsum sellae; 7-round foramen; 8-oval foramen; 9-foramen lacerum; 10-spinous foramen; 11-internal acoustic foramen; 12-jugular foramen; 13-hypoglossal canal; 14-lamb-doid suture; 15-clivus; 16-groove for transverse sinus; 17-intemal occipital protuberance; 18-foramen magnum; 19-squamous part of occipital hone; 20-groove for sigmoid sinus; 21-pyramid (petrous part) of temporal bone; 22-squamous part of temporal bone; 23-greaterwing of sphenoid bone; 24-lcsser wing of sphenoid bone.
1-processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis; 2-facies orbitalis; 3-facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici; 4-processus frontalis ossis zygomatici; 5-fissura orbitalis inferior, 6-foramen zygomaticofaciale; 7-os zygomaticum; 8-sulcus infra-orbitalis; 9-maxilla; 10-foramen infraorbitale; 11-fades orbilalis maxillae; 12-cavum nasi; 13-processus orbitalis ossis palatini; 14-os lacrimale; 15-lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis; 16-os nasalc; 17-sulcas lacrimalis; 18-crista lacrimalis posterior; 19-processus frontalis maxillae; 20-foramen eth-moidale anterius; 21-foramen ethmoidale posterius; 22-incisura frontalis; 23-facies orbitalis ossis fronlalis; 24-foramen supraorbitalis; 25-canalis opti-cus; 26-ala minor ossis sphenoidalis; 27-tissura orbitalis superior.
Fig. 43. Orbits, left. Anterior aspect.
1-zygomatic process of frontal bone; 2-greater wing of sphenoid bone (orbital surface); 3-orbital surface of zygomatic bone; 4-frontal process of zygomatic bone; 5-inferior orbital fissure; 6-zygomaticofacial foramen; 7-zygomatic bone; 8-infraorbital sulcus; 9-maxilla (maxillary bone, orbital surface); 10-infraorbital foramen; 11-orbital surface of maxilla; 12-nasal cavity; 13-orbital process of palatine bone;
14-lacrimal bone; 15-orbital plate of ethmoid bone; 16-nasal bone: 17-lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone; 18-posterior lacrimal crest of lacrimal bone; 19-frontal process of maxilla; 20-anterior ethmoidal foramen; 21-posterior ethmoidal foramen; 22-frontal notch: 23-orbital part (orbital surface) of frontal bone; 24-supraorbital foramen; 25-optic canal; 26-lesser wing of sphenoid bone; 27-superior orbital fissure.
Fig. 44. Paries lateralis cavitatis nasi.
1-os frontale (squama fronlalis); 2-sinus frontalis; 3-crista galli; 4-lam-ina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis; 5-concha nasalis superior; 6-concha nasalis media; 7-sinus sphenoidalis; 8-foramen sphenopalatinum; 9-concha nasalis inferior; 10-lamina verticalis ossis palatini; 11-lamina medialis processus pterygoidei; 12-lamina horizontalis ossis palatini; 13-processus palatinus maxillae; 14-canalis incisivus; 15-meatus nasi inferior; 16-meatus nasi medius; 17-meatus nasi superior; 18-osnasale.
Fig. 44. Lateral wall of nasal cavity.
1-frontal bone (squamous part); 2-frontal sinus; 3-crista galli; 4-cribri-tbrm plate of ethmoid bone; 5-superior nasal concha; 6-middle nasal concha; 7-sphenoidal sinus; 8-sphenopalatine foramen; 9-inferior nasal concha; 10-peфendicular plate of palatine bone; 11-medial pterygoid plate; 12-horizontal plate of palatine bone; 13-palatine process of maxilla; 14-incisive canal; 15-inferior nasal meatus; 16-mid-dle nasal meatus; 17-superior nasal meatus; 18-nasal bone
Fig. 45. Fornix cranii, s. calvaria. Вид сверху.
l-sutura coronalis; 2-sutura sagittalis; 3-sutura lambdoidca; 4-os occipitale (squama occipitalis); 5-os parietale; 6-os frontale.
Fig. 45. Calvaria (cranial roof). Superior aspect. I -coronal suture; 2-sagittal suture; 3-lambdoid suture; 4-occipital bone (squamous part); 5-parietal bone; 6-frontal bone.
Fig. 46. Fornix cranii, s. calvaria. Вид со стороны полости черепа. 1-os frontale; 2-crista frontalis; 3-foveolae granulares; 4-sutura coro-nalis; 5-sulci arteriosi; 6-os parietale; 7-sulcus sinus sagittalis superi-oris; 8-os occipitale.
Fig. 46. Calvaria (cranial roof). Internal aspect. I-frontal bone; 2-frontal crest; 3-granular fovealae; 4-coronal suture: 5-grooves for arteries; 6-parietal bone; 7-groove for superior sagittal sinus; 8-occipital bone.
Fig. 47. Cranium. Вид сверху.
l-sutura frontalis; 2-tuber frontale; 3-fonticulus anterior; 4-sutura coronalis; 5-tuber parietale; 6-sutura sagittalis; 7-fonticulus posterior; 8-os occipitale; 9-sutura lambdoidea.
Fig. 47. Cranium of newborn. Superior aspect.
I-frontal suture; 2-frontal tuber; 3-anterior (frontal) fontanelle; 4-coronal suture; 5-parietal tuber; 6-sagittal suture; 7-posterior (occipital) fontanelle; 8-occipital bone; 9-lambdoid suture.
Fig. 48. Cranium. Вид слева.
1-os frontale; 2-fonticulus anterior; 3-sutura coronalis; 4-tnber pari-etale; 5-fonticulus posterior; 6-os occipitale; 7-fonticulus mastoideus; 8-pars petrosa ossis temporalis; 9-squama temporalis; 10-anulus tym-panicus; 1 l-tonticulus sphenoidalis; 12-mandibula; 13-os zygo-maticum; 14-maxilla; 15-orbita.
Fig. 48. Cranium of newborn. Lateral aspect.
I-frontal bone; 2-anterior (frontal) fontanelle; 3-coronal suture; 4-parietal tuber; 5-posterior (occipital) fontanelle; 6-occipital bone (squamous part); 8-petrous part (pyramid) of temporal bone; 9-squa-mous part of temporal bone; 10-tympanic ring; 11-sphenoidal fontanelle; 12-mandible; 13-zygomatic bone; 14-maxilla; 15-orbita.
Fig. 49. Рентгеновская картина черепа взрослого человека.
Вид спереди.
l-calvaria; 2-os fronlale; 3-sinus frontalis; 4-cellulae ethmoidales; 5-septum nasi; 6-spina nasalis anterior; 7-sutura intermaxillaris; 8-mandibula; 9-protuberantia mentalis; I0-cavum nasi; ll-sinus maxil-laris; 12-processus mastoideus; 13-orbita.
Fig. 49. The X-ray image ol'cranium in adult. Anterior aspect, l-calvaria (cranial roof); 2-frontal bone; 3-frontal sinus; 4-ethmoidal cells of ethmoid bone; 5-bony nasal septum; 6-anterior nasal spine; 7-intermaxiMary suture; 8-mandible; 9-mental protuberance; 10-nasal cavity; 1 l-maxillary sinus; 12-mastoid process; 13-orbit.
Fig. 57. Ossa membri inferioris. Вид спереди. 1-os sacaim; 2-articulatio sacroiliaca; 3-ramus superior ossis pubis; 4-facies symphysialis; 5-ramus inferior ossis pubis; 6-ramus ossis ischii; 7-tuber ischiadicum; 8-corpus ossis ischi; 9-epicondylus medialis; 10-condylusmedialis; 11-tuberositas tibiae; 12-corpus tibiae; 13-malleolus medialis; 14-phalanges; 15-ossa metatarsi; 16-ossa tarsi; 17-malleolus lateralis; 18-fibula; 19-margo anterior; 20-caput fibulae; 21-condylus lateralis tibiae; 22-epicondylus lateralis ossis femoris; 23-patella; 24-os femoris; 25-trochanter major; 26-collum femoris; 27-caput femoris; 28-ala ossis ilii; 29-crista iliaca.
Fig. 57. Skeleton (bones) of lower limb. Anterior aspect. 1-sacrum; 2-sacroiliac articulation; 3-superior pubic ramus; 4-sym-physeal surface; 5-inferior pubic ramus; 6-ramus of ischium; 7-ischial tuberosity;8-bodyofischium;9-medialepicondyleoffemur; 10-medi-al condyle of tibia; 13-medial malleolus; 14-phalanges; 15-metatarsals; 16-tasrsal bones; 17-lateral malleolus; 18-fibula; 19-anterior border; 20-head of fibula; 21-lateral condyle of tibia; 22-lateral epicondyle of femur; 23-patella; 24-femur; 25-greater Irochanter; 26-neck of femur; 27-head of femur; 28-ala of ilium; 29-iliac crest.
Fig. 58. Os coxae. Внутренняя поверхность. 1-crista iliaca; 2-ala ossis ilii (fossa iliaca); 3-linea arcuata; 4-facies auricularis; 5-tubcrositas iliaca; 6-spina iliaca posterior superior; 7-spina iliaca posterior inferior; 8-incisura ischiadica major; 9-spina ischiadica; 10-incisura ischiadica minor; ll-corpus ossis ischii; 12-tuber ischiadicum; 13-ramus ossis ischii; 14-ramus inferior ossis pubis; 15-foramen obturatum; 16-facies symphysialis; 17-crista pubica; 18-spina iliaca anterior inferior; 19-spina iliaca anterior superior..
Fig. 58. Hip bone. Internal surface.
1-iliac crest; 2-ala of ilium (iliac fossa); 3-arcuate line; 4-auricular surface; 5-iliac tuberosity; 6-posterior superior iliac spine; 7-posterior inferior iliac spine; 8-greater sciatic notch; 9-spine of ischium; 10-less-er sciatic notch; 11-body of ischium; 12-ischialtuberosity; 13-ramusof ischium; 14-inferior pubic ramus; 15-obturator foramen; I6-sym-physial surface; 17-pecten of pubic; 18-anterior inferior iliac spine; 19-anterior superior iliac spine.
Fig. 59. Os coxae. Наружная поверхность.
1-crisla ilica; 2-Iabium internum; 3-linea intermedia; 4-labium exter-num; 5-linea glutea anterior; 6-spina iliaca anterior superior; 7-linea glutea inferior; 8-spina iliaca anterior inferior; 9-facies lunata; 10-fossa acetabuli; 11-crista pubica; 12-sulcus obturalorius; 13-tuberculum pubicum; 14-ramus inferior ossispubis; 15-incisura acetabuli; 16-fora-men obturatum; 17-ramusossis ischii; 18-corpusossis ischii; 19-tubcr ischiadicum; 20-incisura ischiadica minor; 21-spina ischiadica; 22-incisura ischiadica major; 23-spina iliaca posterior inferior; 24-spina iliaca posterior superior; 25-linea glutea posterior.
Fig. 59. Hip bone. External surface.
I-iliac crest; 2-external lip of iliac crest; 3-intermediate line;4-internal lip; 5-anterior gluteal line; 6-anterior superior iliac spine; 7-inferior gluteal line; 8-inferior anterior iliac spine; 9-lunate surface ofacetabu-lum; 10-acetabular fossa; 11-pecten ofpubis; 12-obturator groove; 13-pubic tubercle; 14-inferior ramus of pubis; 15-acetabular notch; 16-obturator foramen; 17-ramus of ischium; 18-body of ischium; 19-ischial tuberosity; 20-lesser sciatic notch; 21-spine of ischium; 22-greater sciatic notch; 23-posterior inferior iliac spine; 24-posterior superior iliac spine; 25-posterior gluteal line.
Fig. 60. Pelvis masculina. Вид спереди.
1-basis ossis sacri; 2-processus articularis superior; 3-articulatio sacroiliaca; 4-crista iliaca; 5-ala ossis ilii; 6-spina iliaca anterior superior; 7-spina iliaca anterior inferior; 8-linea tenninalis; 9-acetabuIum; 10-crista pubica; 11-foramen obturatum; 12-tuberculum pubicum; 13-angultis subpubicus; 14-ramus inferior ossis pubis; 15-ramus ossis ischii; 16-tuber ischiadicum; 17-corpus ossis ischii; 18-spina ischiadi-ca; 19-ramus superior ossis pubis; 20-corpus ossis pubis; 21-facies
pelvica.
Fig. 60. Sceleton of a male pelvis. Anterior aspect. I-base of sacrum; 2-superior articular process of sacrum; 3-sacroiliac articulation; 4-iliac crest; 5-wing of ilium; 6-anterior superior iliac spine; 7-anterior inferior iliac spine; 8-arcuate line; 9-acetabulum; 10-pecten pubis; 13-subpubic angle; 14-inferior pubic ramus; 15-ramus of ischium; 16-ischial tuberosity; 17-body of ischium; 18-ischial spine; 19-superior pubic ramus; 20-body of pubis; 21-anterior (pelvic) surface of sacrum.
4. Карманный Lii:uit:;шатом. чслов.
.
Fig. 61. Rilvis masculina. Вид сзади.
1-facies posterior ossis sacri; 2-processus articularis superior ossis sacri; 3-crista iliaca; 4-spina iiiaca posterior superior; 5-ala ossis ilii; 6-spina iliaca posterior inferior; 7-corpus ossis ilii; 8-os pubis; 9-corpus ossis ischii; 10-foramen obturatum; 11 -tuber ischiadicum; 12-ramus ossis ischii; 13-coccyx; 14-spina ischiadica; 15-incisura ischiadica major; 16-foramina sacralia posteriora.
Fig. 61. Sceleton of a male pelvis. Posterior aspect. 1-posterior surface of sacrum; 2-superior articular process; 3-iliac crest; 4-posterior superior iliac spine; 5-wing of ilium; 6-posterior inferior iliac spine; 7-body of ilium; 8-pubis; 9-body of ischium; 10-obtu-rator foramen; 11-ischial tuberosity; 12-ramus of ischium; 13-coccyx; 14-ischial spine; 15-greater sciatic notch; 16-posterior sacral foramina.
Fig. 62. Pelvis feminina. Вид сверху.
!-promontoriuni; 2-articulatio sacroiliaca; 3-ala ossis ilii; 4-diameter obliqua-13 CM; 5-diameter transversa-12cM; 6-diameter recta (conju-gata vcra)-11см; 7-symphysis pubica; 8-spina ischiadica.
Fig. 62. Sceleton of a female pelvis. Sizes of inlet of cavity of lesser
pelvis (marked by the lines). Superior aspect.
1-promontory; 2-sacro-iliac joint; 3-wing of ilium; 4-oblique diameter-13 cm; 5-transverse diameter-12 cm; 6-straight conjugate of pelvic inlet (true conjugate)-! 1cm; 7-symphysis pubis; 8-ischial spine.
Fig. 63. Размеры женского малого таза на сагиттальном разрезе, l-promontoriiim; 2-diameter externa (conjugate externa); 4-diameter recta (полости таза); 5-расстояние между нижним краем симфиза и верхушкой кре-стца; 5-diameter recta (выхода из полости таза); 7-диаметр входа в малый таз; 8-conjugata vera (ginecologica); 9-conjugata dianonalis.
Fig. 63. Sizes of female lesser pelvis on the sagittal section, l-promontoty; 2-sacrum; 3-cxternal conjugate; 4-straight cojugate of pelvis cavity; 5-median cojugate; 6-straight cojugate of pelvis inlet; 7-diameter of pelvis inlet; X-true cojugate; 9-diagonal cojugate.
Рис. 64. Бедренная кость (femur).
Fig. 64. Femur.
А-передняя поверхность; Б—задняя поверхность; В—надколенник. A: 1-trochanter major; 2-fossa trochanterica; 3-caput ossis femoris; 4-collum ossis femoris; 5-linea intertrochanterica; 6-trochanter minor; 7-corpus ossis femoris; 8-epicondylus medialis; 9-condylus medialis; 10-facies patellaris; 11-condylus lateralis; 12-epicondylus lateralis. Б: l-tbvea capilis ossis femoris; 2-caput ossis femoris; 3-collum ossis femoris; 4-trochanter major; 5-tuberositas glutea; 6-labium latcrale lineae asperae; 7-corpus ossis femoris; 8-facies poplitea; 9-epicondylus lateralis; 10-condylus lateralis; 11 -fossa intercondylaris; 12-condylus medialis; 13-epicondylus medialis; 14-tuberculum adducforium; 15-labium mediale lineae asperae; 16-lineapectinea; 17-trochanter minor; 18-crista intertrochanterica. B: 1-basis patellae; 2-facies anterior; 3-apex patellae.
Fig. 64. Thigh bone (femur).
A-anterior surface; Б—posterior surface; B-patella.
A: 1-greater trochamer; 2-trochanteric fossa; 3-head of femur; 4-neck
of femur; 5-intertrochanteric line; 6-lesser trochanter; 7-body of femur; 8-medial epicondyle; 9-rnedial condyle; I0-patellar surface 11-lateral condyle; 12-lateral epicondyle.
Б: l-fovea for ligament of head of femur; 2-head of femur; 3-neck о femur; 4-greater trochanter; 5-gluteal tuberosity; 6-lateral lip of line: aspera; 7-body of femur; 8-popliteal surface; 9-lateral epicondyle; 10 lateral condyle; I l-intercondylar fossa; 12-medial condyle; 13-media epicondyle; 14-adductor tubercle; 15-medial lip of linea aspera; 16 pectineal line; 17-lesser trochanter; 18-intertrochanteric crest. B: 1-base of patella; 2-anterior surface: 3-apex of patella.
Fig. 65. Tibia et fibula. Вид спереди.
1-caput fibulae; 2-condylus lateralis tibiae; 3-emenentia intercondy-laris; 4-condylus medialis; 5-tuberositas tibiae; 6-margo interosseus; 7-t'acies lateralis; 8-margoanterior; 9-facies medialis; lO-faciesarticularis malleoli; 11-malleolus medialis; 12-malleolus lateralis (fibulae); 13-facies articularis malleoli (lateralis); 14-corpus fibulae; 15-margo medialis (interosseus); 16-facies medialis; 17-margo anterior; 18-margo lateralis; 19-facies lateralis.
Fig. 65. Tibia and fibula. Anterior aspect.
1-head of fibula; 2-lateral condyle of tibia; 3-intercondylar eminence; 4-medial condyle; 5-tibial tuberosity; 8-anterior border; 9-medial surface; 10-articular facet of medial malleolus; 11-medial malleolus; 12-lateral malleolus (of fibula); 13-articular facet of lateral malleolus; 14-body of fibula; 15-medial (interosseus) border; 16-medial surface; 17-antcrior border; 18-lateraI border; 19-lateral surface.
Fig. 66. Tibia et fibula. Вид сзади.
l-condylus medialis; 2-facies articularis superior; 3-eminentia inter-condylaris; 4-area intercondylaris posterior; 5-condylus lateralis; 6-apex capitis fibulae; 7-caput fibulae; 8-corpus fibulae; 9-margo tnedi-alis (interosseus); 10-facies articularis malleoli (fibulae); ll-fossa malleoli lateralis; 12-sulcus malleoli lateralis; 13-tacies articularis malleoli medialis; 14-malleolus medialis; I5-sulcus malleoli medialis; 16-margo medialis tibiae; 17-софи5 tibiae; 18-margo lateralis (interosseus) tibiae; 19-linea m. solei.
Fig. 66. Tibia and fibula. Posterior aspect.
1-medial condyle; 2-superior articular surface; 3-intercondylar eminence; 4-posterior intercondylar area; 5-lateral condyle; 6-apex of head of fibula; 7-head of fibula; 8-body of fibula; 9-medial (interosseous) border; 10-articular facet of medial malleolus (of fibula); 11-malleolar fossa; 12-malleolar groove of lateral malleolus; 13-articu-lar facet of medial malleolus; 14-medial malleolus; 15-malleolar groove of medial malleolus; 16-medial border oftibia; 17-body of tibia; 18-lat-eral (unterosseous) border of tibia; 19-soleal line.
Fig. 67. Ossa pedis. Вид сверху
1-phalanx distalis; 2-phalanx proximalis; 3-phalanx media; 4-os metatarsale; 5-tuberositas ossis meiatarsalis (5); 6-os cuboideum; 7-talus; 8-facies malleoli lateralis; 9-calcaneus; I0-processus lateralis lubcris calcanei; 11-tuber calcanei; 12-processus posterior tali; 13-trochlea tali; 14-sustentaculum tali; 15-collum tali; 16-os naviculare; 17-os cuneiforme laterale; 18-os cuneiforme intermedium; 19-os cuneitbrme mediale; 20-ossesamoideum.
Fig. 67. Bones of foot. Superior aspect.
1-distal phalanges; 2-proximal phalanges; 3-middle phalanges; 4-metatarsals; 5-tuberosityofthe fifth metatarsal bone; 6-cuboid;7-talus; 8-lateral malleolar facet; 9-calcaneus; 10-lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity; 11-calcaneal tuberosity; 12-posterior process of talus; 13-trochlea of talus; 14-talar shelf; 15-neck of talus; 16-navicular; 17-lat-eral cuneiform; 18-intermediate cineiform; 19-middle cuneiform; 20-sesamoid.
Fig. 68. Ossa pedis. Подошвенная сторона. А-кости предплюсны, Б-кости плюсны, В-кости пальцев
стопы (фаланги).
1-phalanx; 2-ossa sesamoidea; 3-os metatarsale; 4-tuberositas ossis metatarsalis(l); 5-os cuneiforme lateralis; 6-os cuneiforme intermedium; 7-os cuneiforme medialis; 8-tuberositas ossis metatarsalis (5); 9-sulcus tendinis m.peronei longi; 10-os naviculare; 11-os cuboideum; 12-caput tali; 13-sustentaculum tali; 14-calcaneus; 15-tubercalcanei.
Fig. 68. Bones of foot. Inferior aspect. A—tarsal bones; Б-metatasals; B-phalanges. I-phalanges; 2-sesamoid bones; 3-metatasals; 4-tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone; 5-lateral cuneiform; 6-intermediale cuneiform; 7-lat-eral cuneiform; 8-tuberosity of the fifth metatasal bone; 9-groove for tendon of fibular longus; 10-navicular; ll-cuboid; 12-head of talus; 13-sustentaculum tali; 14-calcaneus; 15-calcaneal tuberosity.
Fig. 50. Ossa membri superioris. Вид спереди. 1-clavicula; 2-extremitas sternalis; 3-scapula; 4-processus coracoideus; 5-cavilas glenoidale; 6-humerus; 7-fossa coronoidea; 8-epicondylus mcdialis; 9-trochleahumeri; 10-proccssus coronoideus; 11-tuberositas ulnae; 12-ulna; 13-caput ulnae; 14-ossa carpi; 15-ossa metacarpi; 16-phalanges; 17-processus slyloideus radii; 18-radius; 19-caput radii; 20-crista tuberculi majoris; 21-sulcus intertubercuiaris; 22-tuberculum majus; 23-tuberculum minus; 24-caput humeri; 25-acromion.
Fig. 50. Skeleton (bones) of upper limb. Anterior aspect. 1-clavicle; 2-sternal end of clavicle; 3-scapula; 4-coracoid process ol scapula; 5-glenoid cavity of scapula; 6-humerus; 7-coronoid fossa ot humerus; 10-coronoid process; 11-tuberosity of ulna; 12-ulna; 13-head of ulna; 14-carpal bones; 15-metacarpal bones I-V; 16-phalangesofthe fingers; 17-styloid process of radius; 18-radius; 19-head of radius; 20-crest of greater tubercle; 21-intertubercular groove; 22-greater tubercle; 23-lesser tubercle; 24-heaf of humerus; 25-acromion
A: 1-facies articularis acromialis; 2-extremitas acromialis; 3-tubercu-lum conoideum; 4-corpus claviculae; 5-extremitas sternalis; 6-impres-sio lig.costoclavicularis
Б; 1-extremitas acromialis; 2-tuberculum conoideum; 3-extremitas sternalis; 4-facies articularis sternalis.
Fig. 51. Clavicle.
A—inferior aspect; Б-superior aspect.
A: 1-acroniial facet; 2-acromial end; 3-conoid tubercle; 4-bodyofclav-icle; 5-sternal end; 6-impression for costaclavicular ligament. Б: 1-acromial facet; 2-conoid tubercle; 3-sternal end; 4-stermal facet.
д Fig. 52. Scapula.
А-вид сзади. A: l-angulus superior; 2-margo superior; 3-fossa supraspinata; 4-spina scapulae; 5-
processus coracoideus; 6-acromion; 7-angulus acromii; 8-cavitas gle-noidalis (angulus lateralis); 9-collum scapulae; 10-fossa infraspinata; I l-margo lateralis; 12-angulus inferior; 13-margo medialis.
Fig. 52. Scapula. A-posterior aspect;
A: I-superior angle; 2-superior border; 3-supraspinous fossa; 4-spine of scapula; 5-coracoid process; 6-acromion; 7-acromial angle; 8-glenoid cavity (lateral angle of scapula); 9-neck of scapula; 10-infraspinous fossa; 11-lateral border; 12-inferiorangle; 13-medial border of scapula.
Б—ннд спереди.
Б: l-margo medialis; 5
2-facics posterior; 3-angulus inferior; 4-margo lateralis; 5-col-lum scapulae; 6-cavitas1
glenoidalis (angulus lateralis); 7-processus coracoideus; 8-acromion; 9-incisura scapulae; 10-margo superior; 11-angulus superior.
Б-antcrior aspect.
Б: 1-medial border of scapula; 2-postcrior surface; 3-inferior angle; 4-lateral border; 5-neck of scapula; 6-glenoid cavity (lateral angle of scapula); 7-coracoid process; 8-acromion; 9-suprascapular notch; 10-superior border; 11-superior angle.
Рис. 53. Плечевая кость (humerus).
Fig. 53. Humerus. А—вид спереди; Б—вид сзади. A: 1-tuberculum majus; 2-collum anatomicum; 3-caput humeri; 4-luherculum minus; 5-sulcus inlertubcrcularis; 6-crista tuberculi minoris; 7-crista tuberculi majoris; 8-tuberositas deltoidea; 9-софИ5 humeri; 10-lacies anleromedialis; 11-margo medialis; 12-tbssa coronoidea; 13-epi-condylus medialis; 14-trochlea humeri; 15-capitulum humeri; 16-epi-conclylus lateralis; 17-fossa radialis; 18-faciesanterolateralis. Б; 1-caput humeri; 2-collum anatomicum; 3-tuberculum majus; 4-col-lum chirurgicum; 5-tuberositasdeltoidea; 6-sulcus nervi radialis; 7-margo lateralis; 8-fossa olecrani; 9-epicondylus lateralis; 10-trochlea humeri; 11 -sulcus nervi ulnaris; 12-epicondylus medialis; 13-margo medialis.
Fig. 53. Humerus. A—anterior aspect; Б—inferior aspect. A: I-greater tubercle; 2-anatomical neck; 3-head of humerus; 4-lesser luhercle; 5-intertiihercular sulcus (bicipital groove); 6-crest of lesser tubercle; 7-crest of greater tubercle; 8-deltoid tuberosity; 9-body of humerus; 10-anteromedial surface; ll-medial border; 12-coronoid fossa; 13-medial epicondyle; 14-trochlea of humerus; 15-capitulum; 16-lateral epicondyle; 17-radial fossa; 18-anterolaleral surface.
Б: I-head of humerus; 2-anatomical neck; 3-greater tubercle; 4-surgi-cal neck; 5-deltoid tuberosity; 6-radial sulcus; 7-lateral margin; 8-ole-cranon fossa; 9-latcral epicondyle; 10-trochlca of humerus; ll-ulnar nerve sulcus; 12-mcdial epicondyle; 13-medial margin of humerus.
Рис. 54. Локтевая кость (ulna).
Fig. 54. Ulna.
А-вид спереди; Б-вид сзади.
A: 1-caput ulnae; 2-corpus ulnae; 3-margo interosseus; 4-tuberositas ulnae; 5-incisura radialis; 6-incisura trochlearis; 7-olecranon; 8-processus coronoideus; 9-facies anterior; 10-circumferentia articularis (capitis radiae); 11-processus styloideus.
Б: 1-caput ulnae; 2-corpus ulnae; 3-l'acies medialis; 4-processus coronoideus; 5-olecranon; 6-margo interosseus.
Fig. 54. Ulna.
A—anterior aspect; Б-posterior aspect.
A: 1-head of ulna; 2-body ofulna; 3-interosseous border; 4-tuberosity of ulna; 5-radial notch; 6-trochlear notch; 7-olecranon; 8-coronoid process; 9-anterior surface; 10-articular circumference (of head of ulna); 11-styloid process.
Б: 1-head of ulna; 2-body of ulna; 3-medial surface; 4-coronoid process; 5-olecranon; 6-interosseous border.
Рис. 55. Лучевая кость (radius).
Fig. 55. Radius.
А-вид спереди; Б-вид сзади.
A: 1-1'acies articularis carpalis; 2-processus styloideas; 3-corpus radii; 4-facies anterior; 5-tuberositas radii; 6-collum radii; 7-circumferentia articularis; 8-caput radii; 9-margo interosseus. Б: 1-circumferentia articularis; 2-collum radii; 3-corpus radii; 4-margo interosseus; 5-facies posterior; 6-sulcus tendinis inusculi cxlensoris pollicis longi; 7-sulcus tendinis musculi extcnsoris carpi radialis; 8-processus styloideus; 9-incisura ulnaris; 10-sulcus tendinum musculo-rum extensorum digitorum.
Fig. 55. Radius.
A-anterior aspect; Б-posterior aspect.
A: 1-carpal articular surface; 2-styloid process; 3-body of radius; 4-anterior surface; 5-radial tuberosity; 6-ncck of radius; 7-articular circumference; 8-head of radius; 9-interosseous border. Б: 1-articular circumference (of radius); 2-neck of radius; 3-body of radius; 4-interosseous border; 5-postcrior surface; 6-gnx>ve for tendon of long extensor muscle of thumb; 7-groove for tendon of short radial extensor muscle of wrist; X-styloid process; 9-ulnar notch; 10-groove for extensor muscle tendons.
Рис. 56. Кости кисти (ossa manus)
Fig. 56. Ossa manus. Правая кисть. Ладонная сторона. A-ossa carpi. Б—ossa metacarpi. В—ossa digitomm (phalanges) 1-phalanges distales; 2-phalanges mediae; 3-phalanges proximales; 4-ossa metacarpi; 5-ossa sesamoidea; 6-os trapezium; 7-os trape-zoideum; 8-os scaphoideum; 9-os capitatum; 10-os lunatum; ll-os hamatum; 12-ostriquetrum; 13-ospisitbrme.
Fig. 56. Bones of right hand. Palmar side. A-carpal bones; Б-metacarpal bones;
B—bones of'the fingers (phalanges).
1-distal phalanx; 2-middle phalanx; 3-proximal phalanx; 4-metacarpal bones; 5-sesamoid bones; 6-trapezium; 7-trapezoid; 8-scaphoid; 9-capitate; 10-lunate; ll-hamate; 12-triquetrum; 13-pisiform.
Рис. 69. Соединения позвонков.
Сагиттальный распил на уровне двух поясничных позвонков. 1-corpus vertebrae; 2-nucleus pulposus; 3-ligamentum longitudinale anlerius; 4-anulus fibrosus; 5-processus articularis superior vertebrae lumbalis; 6-ligamentum longitudinale posterius; 7-foramen intervrete-brale; 8-ligamentuni flavum; 9-capsula articularis art. zygapophysealis (intervertebralis); 10-liganienttim interspinale; 1 l-ligamentum supraspinale.
Fig. 69. Vertebral joints.
Sagittal section at the level of two lumbar verterbrae. 1-vertebral body; 2-nucleus pulposus of intervertebral'disc; 3-anterior longitudinal ligament; 4-anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc; 5-supe-rior articular process of lumbar vertebra; 6-posterior longitudinal ligament; 7-intervertebral foramen; 8-ligamenta tlava; 9-articular capsule of zygapophysial (intervertebral) joint; 10-interspinous ligament; 11-supraspinous ligament.
Рис. 70. Атланто-затылочный и атланто-осевые суставы (articulatio atlanto-occipitalis et articulationes atlantoaxialis).
Fig. 70. Articulatio atlan-tooccipitalis et articulatio atlantoaxialis. Вид спереди (со стороны позвоночною канала). Твердая
мозговая оболочка и покровная мембрана удалены. 1-os occipitalc; 2-tasciculi longitixlinales ligament! cruciformis atlantis; 3-canalis hypoglossalis; 4-ligamentum alare; 5-cavitas articularis articulaiionis atlantooc-cipitalis; 6-ligamentum cruciforme atlantis; 7-cavitas articularis aniculationis atlanto-axialis lateralis; 8-fasciculi longiludinales ligamemi cruciformis atlantis; 9-capsula articu-lationis atlantooccipitalis.
Fig. 70. Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints. Anterior aspect (from vertebral canal).
Dura mater and tectorial membrane are removed. 1-occipital bone; 2-longitudinal ands of cruciate ligament of atlas; 3-hypoglossal canal; 4-alar ligaments; 5-articular cavity of atlanto-occip-ital joint; 6-cruciate ligament of atlas; 7-articular cavity of lateral atlanto-axial joint; 8-longitudinal bands ol'cruciate ligament ot'atlas; 9-capsule of atlanto-occipital joint.
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