Модальные глаголы английского языка

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты	Настоящее время	Прошедшее время	Будущее время
Can
(1) способность / возможность	I can run fast.	I could run fast when I was a child, but now I can’t.	I will be able to run fast.
(2) просьба	Can I take it?
(3) разрешение	You can use my book.
(4) невозможность	That’s can’t be true!	That’s can’t have been true!
Be (un)able to
(не)способность	I am (un)able to help you.	I was (un)able to help you. I have been (un)able to help you.	I will be (un)able to help you.
Could
(1) способность / возможность в прошлом		I could run fast when I was a child.
(2) вежливая просьба	Could I borrow your pen?
(3) предположение	- I need help in English. You could talk to your teacher.	You could have talked to your teacher.
(4) вероятность<75%	- Where is Bob? He could be at home.-Возможно, он дома.	He could have been at home.
(5) невозможность	That’s couldn’t be true!	That couldn’t have been true!
May
(1) вежливое разрешение	You may use the computer.	You might use the computer.	You will be allowed (permitted) to use the computer.
(2) вежливая просьба	May I take it?
(3) вероятность>50%	-Where is Bob? He may be at home.	He may have been at home.	He may leave tomorrow. I may go to the movies on Friday.
Might
(1) вероятность 50 %	-Where is Bob? He might be at home.	He might have been at home.
(2) BrE вежливая просьба	Might I borrow your pen?
Must
(1) большая необходимость	I must go to class today.	I had to go to class yesterday.	I will have to go to class tomorrow.
(2)вероятность 95 %	She must be sick.-Должно быть, она больна.	She must have been sick.-Должно быть, она была больна.
(3) запрещение	You must not smoke here (it is forbidden).
Have (got) to
(1) необходимость	I have (got) to go to class today.	I had to go to class yesterday.	I will have to go to class tomorrow.
(2) отсутствие необходимости	I don’t have to go to class today.	I didn’t have to go to class today.
Be to
ожидание по плану, графику, договоренности	You are to be here at 10 a.m.-вы должны быть…	You were to be here at 10 a.m.-Вы должны были быть…
Be supposed to
ожидание в меньшей степени, чем to be	He is supposed to leave today.-Он должен уехать сегодня.	He was supposed to leave yesterday.-Он должен был уехать вчера.
Need
BrE надобность, нужда, потребность в вопросах и отрицательных предложениях	Need you go? You needn’t worry. AmE Do you need to go? You don’t need to worry.
Will
(1) вероятность 100%			He will be at 6 p.m.
(2) желание			I will help you.
(3) вежливая просьба	Will you please pass the salt?
Be going to
(1) вероятность 100%			He is going to be at 6 p.m.
(2) запланированное действие	I am going to paint the door a bright colour.	I was going to paint the door.
Shall
(1) BrE будущее время с I / we			I shall arrive at 6. (AmE will arrive)
(2) BrE для усиления	He shall pay for for this.
(3) вежливый вопрос	Shall I open the window?
Should
BrE shall для прошедшего времени и в сослагательном наклонении	I thought I should succeed. (AmE would) They deman-ded that he should go (AmE that he go).
(2) совет	You should go to the doctor.-Вам следует…
(3) упрек		You should have gone to the doctor.-Вам следовало бы…
(4) вероятность 90 %			He should be here soon.-Он должен быть здесь скоро.
(5) долг, обязанность без оттенка принуждения	We should leave right now.-Мы должны сейчас уже уйти.
Ought to (=should) Чаще употр. для BrE
(1) совет	You ought to study harder.-
(2) упрек		You ought to have studied harder.-
(3) вероятность 90%			He ought to be here soon.
(4) долг, обязанность в большей степени, чем should	He ought to be punished.
Would
(1) will для прошедшего времени		They said it would be fine.
(2) вежливая просьба	Would you please lend me your pen?
(3) предпочтение	I would rather go to the movies than stay at home.	I would rather have gone to the movies than have stayed at home.
(4) повторяющееся действие в прошлом		He would often drop in to say hello.-
Used to
Повторяющееся действие в прошлом		I used to visit my grandparents every weekend.
Had better
(1)=should (2), но предполагает плохие последствия	I had better go now, or I’ll be late.- I had better not tell him.
(2) совет с предупреждением			You had better be on time or we will leave without you.

Дата добавления: 2015-08-28