The morpheme is a minimal meaningful unit of language.

5 Types of morphemes

The morpheme is a minimal meaningful unit of language.

a) Nowhere: no-where or now-here?

b) French/man (2 morphemes) – German (1 morpheme)

c)

Homonymy of morphemes
SHIP	Root (Shipwreck)
Suffix (Friendship)

Classification of morphemes

a) according to the type of meaning:

Lexical (roots)	Lexico-grammatical (prefixes and derivational suffixes)	Grammatical (inner and outer suffixes, grammatical suffixes)
Work- Long-	-er-	-s -er

b) according to the presence/absence of meaning:

Full (presence of ANY type of meaning)	Empty (only structural function, no meaning)
See e.g. above	Child/r/en, re/join/d/er, sale/s/man

c)according to the interaction with other morphemes:

Additive	Substitutional
book+s	M a n = m...n (add.) + -a- (subst.) M e n = m...n + -e-

d) according to their structure:

Continuous	Discontinuous
book+s	a) m(a)n= m...n +-a-; b) Has (visit) ed

e) according to the degree of independence

Free (only roots – if their form corresponds to the WORD)	Bound (all morphemes)
Visit -	-ed, -s, m...n

f) according to the way of representation

Segmental (=linear) (expressed by segmental phonetic means - phonemes)	Supersegmental (expressed by Supersegmental means added to the linear structure of the word – a) stress; b) juncture; c)order of elements
All the examples above	'import – im'port annoys -a noise, outrun (v)-run-out (n), income (n) – come in

e.g. is decided the number of morphemes - 2

1st	is...ed (gr.)	Discont.	additive	bound	linear	full
2nd	decid(e) (lex.)	Cont.	additive	free	linear	full

Dissatisfied

1st	Dis- (lex-gr)	Cont.	Addit.	bound	linear	full
2nd	Satisfi(y) - (lex)	cont	add	free	linear	full
3rd	-ed (gr. /lex-gr)	cont	add	bound	linear	full

10 Parts of Speech(Word-class theory)

The term “part of speech” is rather conventional, because it is borrowed from classical ancient Greek grammar.
What is understood under this notion is a big class of words that differs from other classes in some gr.features. The classification is based on 3 criteria: meaning, form, function. Descriptivists added the 4^th criterion – distribution.

MEANING – semantic criterion is connected with categorical meaning of the whole part of speech. (substantivity – nouns, process/action – v, quality – adj.)

FORM – formal (morphological) criterion is connected with possible ways of form building. (Gr.categories of these parts of speech).

FUNCTION – this criterion describes syntactic roles of some word in the sentence.

DISTRIBUTION – this criterion describes each part of speech from the viewpoint of its environment.

Actually, none of these criteria is absolute, as they work not for all words of the same part of speech, e.g. within nouns we find words with the categorical meaning of quality, But still such words are referred to nouns on the basis of all the rest criteria.

The same is true about the form, as within the same part of speech we can find words that behave in a different way. Not all nouns change their form (какаду, кенгуру). In English words of singularia and pluralia tanta have the same form. Functions, as well as distributions, cannot be regarded as absolute criterion, as many parts of speech can be used in the same function and distribution.

Only the whole complex of these criteria helps us identify some parts of speech correctly.

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