Nervous circuit - нервная цепь

REFLEXES

1. Topic vocabulary:

Nervous circuit - нервная цепь

Involuntary activity – непроизвольное действие

To bring about= to cause – вызывать

Pin prick

To withdraw – отдергивать, отнимать

To involve - вовлекать

Conditioned reflex – условный рефлекс

Patellar reflex - коленный рефлекс

Plantar reflex - подошвенный рефлекс.

Response - реакция

To salivate – выделять слюну

Jerk – судорожное подергивание

Pointed object – заостренный предмет

Bunching – группирование

Indication – признак, показатель

2. Translate the following word combinations:

Painful stimulus, nervous circuit, patellar reflex, plantar reflex, pupillary reflex, sensory stimulus, to associate the sound, feeding time, knee jerk, sensory nerves, motor neurons, a pointed object, outer border, the sole of the foot, flexor response, downward movement, upward movement, extensor response, sensitive indication, bright light, dim light.

3. Read and translate the text:

Reflexes.

A reflex is an automatic or involuntary activity caused by a simple nervous

circuit. Consciousness may not be necessarily involved. Thus a painful stimulus such as a pinprick will bring about the reflex of withdrawing the finger before the brain has had time to send a message to the muscles involved.

There are a lot of reflexes, such as conditioned, patellar, plantar reflexes, pupillary reflex and others.

A conditioned reflex is a reflex in which the response occurs not to the sensory stimulus but to a separate stimulus, which has been learnt to be associated with it. In Pavlov’s classic experiments dogs learnt to associate the sound of a bell with feeding time and would salivate at the bell’s sound whether the food was presented to them or not.

A patellar reflex is the knee jerk. This is a test to the connection between the sensory nerves to stretch receptors in the muscle, the spinal cord, and the motor neurons. Disease or damage may result in absence of the reflex.

A ‘plantar reflex is a reflex obtained by drawing a pointed object along the outer border of the sole of the foot from the heel to the little toe. The normal flexor response is a bunching and downward movement of the toes. An upward movement of the great toe is called extensor response or Babinski reflex. In all persons over the age of 18 months this is a sensitive indication of disease in the brain or spinal cord.

A pupillary (light) reflex is the reflex change in the size of light entering the eye. Bright light stimulates nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system, which cause the pupils to contract. In dim light the pupils open, due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 4. Answer the questions:

1. 1. What is a reflex?

2. What reflexes do you know?

3. What is a conditioned reflex?

4. What is a patellar reflex?

5. What is a plantar reflex?

6. What is a pupillary reflex?

7. What did Pavlov’s experiments show?

8. What is Babinski reflex?

9. What is the normal flexor response manifested by?

10. What does the extensor response in the plantar reflex mean?

11. When do the pupils contract?

12. When do the pupils open?

Exercise 5. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. A painful stimulus brings about the reflex of withdrawing.

2. Consciousness may not be necessarily involved.

3. The dogs learnt to associate the sound of a bell with feeding time.

4. Disease or damage may result in absence of the reflex.

5. A pointed object is drawn from the heel to the little toe.

6. The normal flexor response causes downward movements of toes.

7. Outward movement of the great toe is called the extensor response.

8. Babinski reflex is a sensitive indication of disease in the brain or spinal cord.

9. Bright light stimulates nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system.

10. In dim light the pupils open.

Exercise 6. Translate into English:

Непроизвольное действие

болезненный раздражитель

нервная цепь

условный рефлекс спинной мозг

двигательные нейроны

сенсорный раздражитель

время кормления

зрачковый рефлекс

отдернуть палец

наружная граница

коленный рефлекс

отдельный раздражитель

подошвенный рефлекс

количество света

движение вниз

движение вверх

рефлекс сгибания

рефлекс разгибания

посылать сообщение

Exercise 7. Insert prepositions:

1…. Pavlov’s classic experiments dogs learnt to associate the sound of a bell … feeding time.

2…. dim light the pupils open, … stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

3. A plantar reflex is a reflex obtained … drawing a pointed object … the outer border … the sole … the foot.

4. A conditioned reflex is a reflex in which the response does not occur … the sensory stimulus.

5. Disease or damage may result … absence of the patellar reflex.

6. … all persons … the age of 18 months Babinski reflex is a sensitive indication … disease … the brain or spinal cord.

Exercise 8. Explain the terms: a reflex, conditioned reflexes, papillary reflexes, patellar reflex, plantar reflex, spinal cord.

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