«Microbiology and virology»

«Microbiology and virology»

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe bacteria

First to observe cells in plant material and name them

Disproved spontaneous generation

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease

Discovered penicillin

Robert Hooke

First to observe cells in plant material and name them

Discovered penicillin

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

First to employ disinfectants in surgical procedures

Discovered penicillin

Rudolf Virchow

Introduced the concept of biogenesis

First to observe cells in plant material and name them

Disproved spontaneous generation

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease

Discovered penicillin

Louis Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation

Introduced the concept of biogenesis

First to observe cells in plant material and name them

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease

Discovered penicillin

Robert Koch

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease

Discovered penicillin

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

First to employ disinfectants in surgical procedures

Discovered penicillin

Joseph Lister

First to employ disinfectants in surgical procedures

Discovered penicillin

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease

Discovered penicillin

Paul Enrlich

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

Discovered penicillin

First to employ disinfectants in surgical procedures

Introduced the concept of biogenesis

Discovered penicillin

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

Discovered penicillin

First to employ disinfectants in surgical procedures

Introduced the concept of biogenesis

Fungi are

eukaryotic cells, multicellular

prokaryotic cells, multicellular

prokaryotic cells, unicellular

spiral bacteria

prokaryotic cells, yeasts

Match the following microorganism to their descriptions. Algae

Cell walls made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Not composed of cells

Cell walls made of chitin

Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Complex cell structure lacking cell walls

Match the following microorganism to their descriptions. Bacteria

Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Not composed of cells

Cell walls made of chitin

Cell walls made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Complex cell structure lacking cell walls

Match the following microorganism to their descriptions. Fungi

Cell walls made of chitin

Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Not composed of cells

Cell walls made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Complex cell structure lacking cell walls

Match the following microorganism to their descriptions. Protozoans

Complex cell structure lacking cell walls

Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Not composed of cells

Cell walls made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Cell walls made of chitin

Match the following microorganism to their descriptions. Viruses

Not composed of cells

Complex cell structure lacking cell walls

Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Cell walls made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Cell walls made of chitin

Match the following characteristics of eukaryotic cells with their functions.

For chloroplasts:

Photosynthesis

Intracellular transport

ATP production

Digestive enzyme storage

Secretion

Match the following characteristics of eukaryotic cells with their functions.

For endoplasmic reticulum:

Intracellular transport

Photosynthesis

ATP production

Digestive enzyme storage

Secretion

Match the following characteristics of eukaryotic cells with their functions.

For Golgi complex:

Secretion

Photosynthesis

ATP production

Digestive enzyme storage

Intracellular transport

Match the following characteristics of eukaryotic cells with their functions.

For mitichondria:

ATP production

Photosynthesis

Secretion

Digestive enzyme storage

Intracellular transport

Match the following characteristics of eukaryotic cells with their functions. For lysosomes:

Digestive enzyme storage

Photosynthesis

Secretion

ATP production

Intracellular transport

Bacteria have a…

semirigid cell wall.

Cell wall consisting of the polysaccharide cellulose.

Cell wall containing glycan and mannan.

fluid component

resting structures

. This scientist for the first time opened the biological nature of the fermentation:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. Match the structures to their functions. For axial filaments:

Motility of spirochetes

Motility

Transfer of genetic material

Protection from phagocytes

Cell shape

. Match the structures to their functions. For capsule:

Protection from phagocytes

Motility

Transfer of genetic material

Motility of spirochetes

Cell shape

. Match the structures to their functions. For endospore:

Resting

Cell wall formation

Attachment to surfaces

Cell shape

Motility

. Match the structures to their functions. For flagella:

Motility

Cell wall formation

Attachment to surfaces

Cell shape

Resting

. Match the structures to their functions. For pili:

Attachment to surfaces

Cell wall formation

Motility

Cell shape

Resting

. Match the structures to their functions. For plasma membrane:

Selectively permeable

Cell wall formation

Motility

Cell shape

Resting

. Match the structures to their functions. For mesosomes:

Transfer of genetic material

Cell wall formation

Motility

Cell shape

Resting

. The theory of the spontaneous generation had been refused by:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The disease of the silkworms, caused by microorganism, had been discovered by:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The nature of a hydrophobia and offered the measures of the protection from hydrophobia had been discovered by:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The "physiological" period in history of the development of microbiology had been opened by:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The English physician for the first time in 1796 used the inoculations against pox, using material of cow poxes:

Djenner;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The English surgeon for the first time had used a method of the antisepsis:

Lister;

Pasteur;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. Microbiologist for the first time carried out the method of sterilization in microbiological practice:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. Who has for the first time proved the biological nature of the rotting:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The phenomena of anaerobiosis had been discovered by:

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. The known microbiologist, author of the words: "Fermentation -a life without respiration":

Pasteur;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Koch.

. Author of pure culture separation method

Koch;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Pasteur.

. Author of microbe colouration method:

Koch;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Pasteur.

. Microorganism -an incitant of the tuberculosis for the first time had been selected and described by:

Koch;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Pasteur.

. The viruses had been determined by…

Ivanovskiy;

Lister;

Leeuwenhoek;

Schleiden;

Pasteur.

. Pasteur found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. This process is called…

Fermentation;

Biogenesis;

Heating;

Spontaneous generation;

Oxidation.

. The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called…

Immunity;

Biogenesis;

Chemotherapy;

Vaccines;

Virulence.

. Similar species are included in the same…

Genus;

Family;

Order;

Class;

Phylum.

. Similar genera are placed in a …

Family;

Genus;

Order;

Class;

Phylum.

. Related families are put in an …

Order;

Kingdom;

Family;

Class;

Phylum.

. Related orders are in a …

Class;

Family;

Kingdom;

Phylum;

Genus.

. Related classes are part of a …

Phylum;

Kingdom;

Family;

Order;

Genus.

. Related phyla constitute a …

Kingdom;

Genus;

Order;

Class;

Family.

. Bacterial cells generally have rodlike shapes:

Bacillus;

Coccus;

Spirillum;

Flagella;

Procaryotes.

. Bacterial cells generally have spherical or ovoid shapes:

Coccus;

Bacillus;

Spirillum;

Flagella;

Procaryotes.

. Bacterial cells generally have spiral or corkscrew shapes:

Spirillum;

Coccus;

Bacillus;

Flagella;

Procaryotes.

. Bacterial cells generally have corkscrew shapes:

Spirillum;

Coccus;

Bacillus;

Flagella;

Procaryotes.

Bacterial cells generally have or ovoid shapes:

Coccus;

Bacillus;

Spirillum;

Flagella;

Procaryotes.

. The most typical fungi are…

Molds;

Mycelia;

Eucaryotes;

Algae;

Protozoans.

. Living things too small to be seen with the naked eye are called…

microorganisms;

Eucaryotes;

Procaryotes;

Algae;

Flora.

. The term cell was introduced by:

Robert Hooke;

Anton van Leeuwenhoek;

Mattias Schleiden

Theodor Schwann;

Francesco Redi.

. The process of treating a disease with chemicals is called…

Chemotherapy

Fermentation;

Antibiotics;

Vaccination;

Antibioticotherapy.

. Who from scientists has observed that mold Penicillium inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture?

Alexander Fleming;

Anton van Leeuwenhoek;

Mattias Schleiden

Theodor Schwann;

Francesco Redi.

. All organisms may be classified into …

five kingdoms;

three kingdoms;

four kingdoms;

seven kingdoms;

two kingdoms.

. Some enzymes require an additional chemical component - either one or more inorganic ions called a …

cofactor

coenzyme

prosthetic group

apoenzyme

apoprotein

Some enzymes require an additional chemical component –complex organic or metalloorganic molecule called a…

coenzyme

cofactor

prosthetic group

apoenzyme

apoprotein

Enzymes are…

Proteins

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Nucleic acids

Amino acids residues

A coenzyme or metal ion that is very tightly or even covalently bound to the enzyme protein is called…

prosthetic group

coenzyme

cofactor

apoenzyme

apoprotein

A complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its bound coenzyme and/or metal ions is called…

holoenzyme

apoenzyme

apoprotein

coenzyme

cofactor

The starting point for either the forward or the reverse reaction is called the…

ground state

transition state

active site

substrate

activation energy

The molecule that is bound in the active site and acted upon by the enzyme is called…

substrate

active site

enzyme

holoenzyme apoprotein

prosthetic group

The difference between the energy levels of the ground state and the transition state is the…

activation energy

active site

substrate

standard free energy

biochemical standard free energy

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones are…

carbohydrates

enzymes

amino acids

nucleic acids

monosaccharides

Sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharide units are…

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Amino acids residues

Enzymes

Two amino acid molecules can be covalently joined through a substituted amide linkage, termed a…

peptide bond

covalent bond

hydrogen bond

hydrophobic bond

hydrophobic interaction

When a few amino acids are joined in this fashion, the structure is called…

an oligopeptide

polypeptide

dipeptide

tripeptide

pentapeptide

Components of ribosomes, the complexes that carry out the synthesis of proteins are…

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

Nucleotides

Nucleoside

Nature of the nucleotides and nucleic acids found in the phosphate group is called a…

Nucleoside

Nucleotides

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

Prothetic group

Enzymes

Intermediaries, carrying genetic information from one or a few genes to a ribosome, where the corresponding proteins can be synthesized are…

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

Nucleotides

Nucleoside

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

Adapter molecules that faithfully translate the information in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids are called…

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

Nucleotides

Nucleoside

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

Adenine is…

purine base

pyrimidine.

enzymes

amino acid residues

lipids

Guanine is…

purine base

pyrimidines.

enzymes

amino acid residues

lipids

Cytosine is…

pyrimidine

purine base

enzymes

amino acid residues

lipids

Thymine is…

pyrimidine

purine base

enzymes

amino acid residues

lipids

Uracil is…

pyrimidine

purine base

enzymes

amino acid residues

lipids

Thymine is…

pyrimidine in DNA

pyrimidine in RNA

purine in DNA

purine in RNA

Amino acid residues

Uracil is…

pyrimidine in RNA

pyrimidine in DNA

purine in DNA

purine in RNA

Amino acid residues

Composite DNA molecules comprising covalently linked segments from two or more sources are called…

recombinant DNAs

restriction endonucleases

cloning vectors

DNA ligases

restriction-modification system

Selecting a small molecule of DNA capable of self-replication. These DNAs are called…

cloning vectors

recombinant DNAs

restriction endonucleases

DNA ligases

restriction-modification system

Inserted DNA fragments with multiple recognition sequences for restriction endonucleases (often useful later as points for inserting additional DNA by cleavage and ligation) are called…

polylinkers

linkers

cloning vectors

recombinant DNAs

restriction endonucleases

Circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the host chromosome are called…

Plasmids

Polylinkers

Recombinant DNAs

DNA ligases

Cloning vectors

Plasmids can be introduced into bacterial cells by a process called…

Transformation

Replication

Translation

Recombination

Accommodation

Plasmids that can be propagated in cells of two or more different species are called…

Shuttle vectors

Plasmids

Polylinkers

Recombinant DNAs

DNA ligases

In living organisms enzymes:

catalize rate of chemical reaction

regulate osmotic pressure

carry out structural function

storage fond

skeletal function

oxidize-reduction reaction are catalized by…

oxydoreductazes

transferazes

liazes

hydrolases

ligases

In urea cycle are formed…

Arginine

Lysine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Glycine

Enzymes that catalize hydrolysis of chemical bonds…

Hydrolases

Liases

Ligases

Transferases

Isomerases

Enzymes that catalize reaction of transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric forms…

Isomerases

Hydrolases

Lyases

Ligases

Transferases

Enzymes that catalize transfer of electrons (hydride ions or H atoms)…

Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Lyases

Isomerases

Compounds containing an aldehyde or ketone group and two or more hydroxyl groups are called…

sugars

monomer

amilopectin

biopolymers

starch

Starch contains two types of glucose polymer…

amylase and amylopectin

glucose and fructose

galactose and glucose

amylase and fructose

amylopectin and ribose

One or several oligosaccharides of varying complexity joined covalently to a protein are called…

Glycoproteins

Proteins

Glycolipids

Prothetic group

Lipids

Fats containing, in addition to fatty acids and glycerol, a phosphoric acid residue, nitrogen-containing bases, and other substituents, are called…

phospholipids

compound lipids

waxes

fats

simple lipids

Compounds of the fatty acids with carbohydrate, containing nitrogen but no phosphoric acid are called…

glycolipids

phospholipids

compound lipids

waxes

fats

Cocci that divide and remain in pairs are called…

Diplococci;

Streptococci;

Tetrads;

Sarcinae;

Staphylococci.

Cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are referred to as…

Streptococci;

Tetrads;

Diplococci;

Sarcinae;

Staphylococci.

Cocci that divide in two planes and remain attached in groups of four are known as…

Tetrads;

Streptococci;

Diplococci;

Sarcinae;

Staphylococci.

Cocci that divide in three regular planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of eight are called …

Sarcinae;

Streptococci;

Diplococci;

Staphylococci;

Tetrads.

Cocci that divide at random planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets are referred to as…

Staphylococci;

Streptococci;

Diplococci;

Tetrads;

Sarcinae.

What is the psychrophiles?

Cold-loving microbes;

Moderate-temperature-loving microbes;

Heat-loving microbes;

Viruses:

Oil-destructor microorganisms

What is the mesophiles?

Moderate-temperature-loving microbes;

Cold-loving microbes;

Heat-loving microbes;

Viruses:

Oil-destructor microorganisms.

What is the thermophiles?

Heat-loving microbes;

Moderate-temperature-loving microbes;

Cold-loving microbes;

Viruses:

Oil-destructor microorganisms.

The lowest temperature at which the species will grow is called…

Minimum growth temperature;

Optimum growth temperature;

Maximum growth temperature;

Extreme growth temperature;

Nessesary growth temperature.

The highest temperature at which growth is possible is called…

Maximum growth temperature;

Minimum growth temperature;

Optimum growth temperature;

Extreme growth temperature;

Nessesary growth temperature.

The temperature at which the species grows best is called…

Optimum growth temperature;

Minimum growth temperature;

Maximum growth temperature;

Extreme growth temperature;

Nessesary growth temperature.

The pH at which the species grows best:

Between pH 6,5 and 7,5;

Between pH 4,0 and 6,5;

Between pH 1,0 and 4,0;

Between pH 7,5 and 11,0;

Between pH 1,0 and 11,0.

Osmotic loss of water process is called…

Plasmolysis;

Oxidation;

Fixation;

Electrophoresis;

Osmos.

Microbes that use oxygen, are called…

Aerobes;

Obligate aerobes;

Anaerobes;

Obligate anaerobes;

Aerotolerant anaerobes.

Organisms that require oxygen to live are called…

Obligate aerobes;

Aerobes;

Anaerobes;

Obligate anaerobes;

Aerotolerant anaerobes.

Bacteria that are totally unable to use oxygen for growth are called…

Obligate anaerobes;

Aerobes;

Facultative anaerobes;

Aerotolerant anaerobes;

Microaerophilic bacteria.

Bacteria that cannot use oxygen for growth are called…

Aerotolerant anaerobes;

Microaerophilic bacteria;

Facultative anaerobes;

Obligate anaerobes;

Aerobes;

Few bacteria that grow only in oxygen concentrations lower than those found in air are called…

Microaerophilic bacteria;

Aerotolerant anaerobes;

Facultative anaerobes;

Obligate anaerobes;

Aerobes;

Organic compounds needed for life that a given organism is unable to synthesize are called…

Organic growth factors;

Culture media;

Complex media;

Organic media;

Trace lelements.

Any nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganisms in a laboratory is called…

Culture media;

Complex media;

Selective media;

Reducing media;

Differential media.

The microbes that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium are referred to as a …

Culture;

Agar;

Anaerobes;

Aerobes;

Symbiosis.

Media that contain ingredients such as sodium thioglycollate that chemically combine dissolved oxygen to deplete the oxygen content of the culture media is called…

Reducing media;

Complex media;

Selective media;

Culture media;

Differential media.

Media that are designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes, are called…

Selective media;

Complex media;

Reducing media;

Culture media;

Differential media.

Media that make it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate is called…

Differential media;

Selective media;

Complex media;

Reducing media;

Culture media.

The transfer of microbes to a previously sterilized growth medium is called…

Inoculation;

Symbiosis;

Plasmolysis;

Osmosis;

Transport.

The isolating method most commonly used is …

Streak plate method;

Spread plate method;

Pour plate method;

Deep-preserving;

Lyophilization.

Dilutions of bacteria suspended in liquid are mixed with melted nutrient agar in the …

Pour plate method;

Streak plate method;

Spread plate method;

Deep-preserving;

Lyophilization.

The time required for cells to divide and the population to double is called…

Generation time;

Phases of growth;

Lag phase;

Log phase;

Stationary phase.

The period of little or no cell division is called…

Lag phase;

Log phase;

Death phase;

Stationary phase;

Generation time.

The cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth, or logarithmic increase, called…

Log phase;

Lag phase;

Death phase;

Stationary phase;

Generation time.

The cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth, or logarithmic increase, called…

Exponential growth phase;

Lag phase;

Death phase;

Stationary phase;

Generation time.

The period of equilibrium of growth, is called…

Stationary phase;

Exponential growth phase;

Lag phase;

Death phase;

Log phase.

The number of death beginning process is called…

Death phase;

Exponential growth phase;

Lag phase;

Stationary phase;

Log phase.

The number of death beginning process is called…

Logarithmic decline phase;

Exponential growth phase;

Lag phase;

Stationary phase;

Log phase.

The agents have the ability to decrease surface tension between molecules of a liquid is called…

surfactants;

Halogens;

Oxygen;

Ammonium compounds;

Oxidizing agents.

The agents have the ability to decrease surface tension between molecules of a liquid is called…

Surface-active agents;

Halogens;

Oxygen;

Ammonium compounds;

Oxidizing agents.

Some resident organisms derive energy from the transfer of electrons from fuel molecules to oxygen

aerobic

anaerobic

phototrophs

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

Organisms that trap and use sunlight as an energy sorces are called…

phototrophs

chemotrophs

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

autotrophs

Organisms that derive their energy from oxidation of a fuel are called

chemotrophs

phototrophs

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

autotrophs

The phototrophs can be further divided into those that can obtain all needed carbon from organic nutrients are called…

heterotrophs

autotrophs

chemotrophs

phototrophs

eukaryotes

The chemotrophs may be further classified according to a different criterion: whether the fuels they oxidize are inorganic

lithotrophs

organotrophs

autotrophs

chemotrophs

heterotrophs

The chemotrophs may be further classified according to a different criterion: whether the fuels they oxidize are organic

organotrophs

lithotrophs

autotrophs

chemotrophs

heterotrophs

At catabolism of glucose … do not form

Acetoacetat

Piruvat

Milk acid

Carbonic acid

Ethanol

Basic lipids in membrane of cell…

Phospholipids

Triacilglycerides

Holic acids

Cholesteri

Plasmolagens

In detoxycation processes of organism take part the…

Glucuronic acid

Glucaric acid

Gluconic acid

Amino sugars

Sorbit

Basic action of insuline is directed on the…

Metabolism of glucose

Metabolism of proteins

Metabolism of vitamins

Metabolism of amino acids

Metabolism of lipids

Hydrolysis of lipids in cells are catalyzed by…

Phospholipasa

Catalasa

Tripsin

Tripsinogen

DNA-polimerasa

Hydrolysis process occur in…

Cytosol of cells

Nucleus of cell

Lizosomes

Ribosomes

Mitochondries

Cycle of citric acid occur in…

Mitochondries

Ribosomes

Golgi complex

Nucleus of cell

Cytosol of cells

The process of transcription requires an enzyme called…

RNA polymerase;

Ribosomal RNA;

Anticodon;

Messenger RNA;

Amilase.

In the process of transcription, a strand of RNA called…

Messenger RNA;

Ribosomal RNA;

RNA polymerase;

Amilase.

Antisense strand.

The region where RNA polymerase binds tightly to DNA is known as the

Promoter site;

Terminator site;

Genetic information;

Translation;

Codon.

The region of DNA that acts as the end point for transcription is referred to as the…

Terminator site;

Promoter site;

Genetic information;

Translation;

Codon.

The process of using the information in the nitrogenous base sequence of mRNA to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein is called…

Translation;

Promoter site;

Terminator site;

Codon;

Genetic information.

Ribosomes consist of a special type of RNA, called…

Ribosomal RNA;

Transfer RNA;

Messenger RNA;

DNA ligase;

DNA polymerase.

Each set of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA is …

a codon;

Anticodon;

Nonsense codon;

Polyribosome;

Ribosomal RNA.

The complement of a codon, the three nucleotides in tRNA, is the…

Anticodon;

rRNA;

Nonsense codon;

Promoter;

Codon.

A special termination codon in the mRNA signals the end of a polypeptide chain and its release from the ribosome. This codon is called…

Nonsense codon;

Anticodon;

Promoter;

Codon;

Polyribosome.

The genetic makeup of organism, the information that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism is called…

Genotype;

Phenotype;

Mutation;

Missense mutation;

Simplification.

The change in the base sequence of DNA…

A mutation;

Radiation;

Spontaneous mutations;

Nonsense mutation;

Frameshift mutation.

A base substitution resulting in a nonsense codon is called…

A nonsense mutation;

Frameshift mutation;

Radiation;

Spontaneous mutations;

A mutation.

The rearrangement of genes to form new combination is called…

Genetic recombination;

Crossing;

Genetic transfer;

Mutations;

Radiation.

The type of regulation that decreases the synthesis of enzymes is called…

Enzyme repression;

Induction;

Transition;

recombination;

Mutation.

Enzymes that are reduced in amount by the presense of the end product of a metabolic pathway are called…

Repressible enzymes;

Corepressor;

Operon model;

Structural genes;

Regulator gene.

Genes that code for enzymes are often called…

Structural genes;

Regulator gene;

Repressor;

Operator;

Promoter site.

A region of DNA called the regulator gene codes for a protein called a…

Repressor;

Operator;

Promoter site;

Operon;

Operon model.

The region of DNA that located adjacent to the structural genes and that controls the transcription of the structural genes is called…

Operator;

Promoter;

Constitutive genes;

Operon models;

Operon.

The operator site and the structural genes it controls are referred to as …

An operon;

Promoter;

Constitutive genes;

Operon models;

Operator.

Microbes synthesize lipids such as fats, by uniting …

Glycerol;

Polysaccharides;

Amino Acids;

Carbohydrates;

Enzymes.

Microbes synthesize lipids such as fats, by uniting …

Fatty acids;

Polysaccharides;

Amino Acids;

Carbohydrates;

Enzymes.

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism is known as…

Metabolism;

Catabolism;

Anabolism;

Enzyme action;

Oxidation-Reduction.

The process refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules is called…

Anabolism;

Metabolism;

Catabolism;

Enzyme action;

Oxidation-Reduction.

Process refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances is called…

Catabolism;

Metabolism;

Anabolism;

Enzyme action;

Oxidation-Reduction.

The energy for chemical reactions is stored in…

ATP;

ADP;

Mitochondries;

NADP;

FAD.

Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions is called…

Enzymes;

Catalizators;

Cofactor;

Globular proteins;

Surface substances.

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by …

lowering the activation energy;

increasing of activation energy;

formation of ATP;

breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances;

formation of more complex molecules from simpler substances.

Before amino acids can be catabolized, they must be converted to various substances that enter the …

Krebs cycle;

Recombination;

Transition;

Synthesis;

Destruction.

Any material prepared for the growth of bacteria in a laboratory is referred to as a…

Culture media;

Culture;

Complex media;

Reducing media;

Mixed cultures.

Microbes that grow and multiply in a culture medium are known as a…

Culture;

Culture medium;

Complex media;

Reducing media;

Mixed cultures.

The tome required for a cell or population to divide is known as…

Generation time;

Log phase;

Lag phase;

Stationary phase;

Filtration.

The science of classifying organisms with the goal of showing relationships between organisms is called…

Taxonomy;

Microbiology;

Classification;

Bergey’s Manual;

Numerical Taxonomy.

Living organisms are classified into…

5 kingdom;

6 kingdom;

7 kingdom;

4 kingdom;

3 kingdom.

Eucaryotic organisms may be classified into the kingdoms…

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia;

Protista, Fungi, Plantae;

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, or Procaryotae;

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, or Monera;

Protista, Fungi, or Animalia.

A group of bacteria derived from a single cell is called…

a strain;

a species;

a family;

parts;

a genus.

Closely related strains constitute …

a species;

a strain;

a family;

parts;

a genus.

Related species are arranged into …

a genus;

a strain;

a family;

parts;

a species.

Related genera are arranged into…

a family;

a strain;

a genus;

parts;

a species.

Related family are arranged into…

an order;

a strain;

a genus;

parts;

a species.

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (8^th edition) groups related orders of bacteria into…

parts;

a strain;

a genus;

an order;

a species.

Grouping many different characteristics to show relatedness is called…

Numerical Taxonomy;

Taxonomy;

An order;

A class;

Bionomal nomenclature.

Bergey’s Manual divides bacteria into …

19 parts;

20 parts;

18 parts;

17 parts;

23 parts.

Long, thin, helical cells that move by means of an axial filament are …

Spirochetes;

Flagella;

Staphylococcus;

Actinomycetes;

Rickettsias.

Spiral and curved bacteria move by means of…

One or more polar flagella;

One or more nonpolar flagella;

One or two polar flagella;

Five polar flagella;

Five nonpolar flagella.

Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci have …

Polar flagella;

Peritrichous flagella;

One or more polar flagella;

One or more nonpolar flagella;

) Five polar flagella;

Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods have…

Peritrichous flagella;

Polar flagella;

One or more polar flagella;

One or more nonpolar flagella;

Five polar flagella;

Normal human flora consist of …

Some of Gram-negative anaerobic cocci;

Some of Gram-positive cocci;

Gram-positive pleomorphic rods;

Mycoplasmas;

Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods.

Actinomycetes are…

Gram-positive pleomorphic rods;

Some of Gram-positive cocci;

Some of Gram-negative anaerobic cocci;

Mycoplasmas;

Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods.

The study of fungi is called…

Mycology;

Taxonomy;

Bacteriology;

Virology;

Fungiology.

The study of parasitic fungi is…

Medical mycology;

Medical virology;

Medical bacteriology;

Medical fungiology;

Patology.

The process of treating a disease with chemicals is called…

Chemotherapy

Fermentation;

Antibiotics;

Vaccination;

Antibioticotherapy.

All organisms may be classified into …

five kingdoms;

three kingdoms;

four kingdoms;

seven kingdoms;

two kingdoms.

Some enzymes require an additional chemical component - either one or more inorganic ions called a …

cofactor

coenzyme

prosthetic group

apoenzyme

apoprotein

Some enzymes require an additional chemical component –complex organic or metalloorganic molecule called a…

coenzyme

cofactor

prosthetic group

apoenzyme

apoprotein

Enzymes are…

Proteins

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Nucleic acids

Amino acids residues

How the vitamin D is formed?

Under action UV of light

Under action of temperature

Under action of radiation

At splitting of carbohydrates

At splitting of fibers

What is bilirubin?

Product of destruction of hemoglobin

Product of destruction of fibers

Product of destruction of carbohydrates

Inorganic connection

Fats

As the substances raising sensitivity of an organism to UV to light refer to

Photo sensitizers

Sensitizers

Photodimerizators

Photo oxidizers

There is no answer

To what the destruction of bacteria under action UV of radiation is connected

With damage of nucleonic acids

With infringement of a feed

With infringement of photosynthesis

With infringement of a water exchange

With infringement of a metabolism

Where the fluorescing connections is apply

In diagnostics

In the industry

In an agriculture

In microbiology

In veterinary science

Enzymes that catalize reaction of addition of groups to double bonds, or formation of double bonds by removal of groups…

Lyases

Ligases

Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Enzymes that catalize group transfer reactions…

Transferases

Lyases

Ligases

Oxidoreductases

Hydrolases

More complex carbohydrate polymers covalently attached to proteins or lipids act as signals that determine the intracellular location or metabolic fate of these hybrid molecules, called…

Glycoconjugates

Monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Simple sugars, consisting of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit are called…

Monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

Oligosaccharides consist of short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by characteristic linkages called…

glycosidic bonds

peptide bonds

hydrogen bonds

Wan-der-Waals interaction

covalent bond

Short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by characteristic linkages called…

Oligosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

Short chains with two monosaccharide units are called…

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols are called…

simple lipids

fats

waxes

compound lipids

phospholipids

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol are called…

fats

simple lipids

waxes

compound lipids

phospholipids

The secondary structure of DNA is represents by

Double spiral

The double spiral twirled in globule

Direct circuit

Unary spiral

There is no answer

Constants of linkage of the identical centres change in process of filling the centres refers to

Cooperative linkage

Molecular

Ionic

Covalent

central

The beating out of electron in quantum of radiation for limits of a molecule

Photo ionization;

Photo dissociate;

Photodimirization;

Photo oxidation;

Photosynthesis.

Low sizes of a superficial tension of cells specify presence in their surface:

Enzymes;

Carbohydrates;

Fats;

Amino acids;

Proteins.

How the solution of alkali influences permeability of a solution?

Sharply increases permeability

Sharply reduces permeability

Does not influence permeability

Gradually increases permeability

Gradually reduces permeability

The total size of osmotic pressure of blood of the person and animals is supported at a constant level due to regulation:

The central nervous system

Blood system

Any

Respiratory system

Secretory system

The longest phase mitoz is …

prophase

telophase

metaphase

anaphase

all phases borrow an identical time interval

The shortest stage mitoz is

anaphase

telophase

metaphase

prophase

all phases borrow an identical time interval

Who for the first time was law between volume of cytoplasm and volume of a nucleus is formulated?

Gervig

Overton

Phic

Zhecobson

Collinder

The central element of cellular division is the reproduction …

Chromosomes

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Lizosoma

Ribosome

What process is unique biological process at which there is an increase of free energy of system?

Photosynthesis

Breath

Digestion

All answers correct

There is no right answer

What ions are necessary for existence of cells?

Sodium and potassium

Calcium and sodium

Magnesium and sodium

Magnesium and potassium

Calcium and magnesium

What substances rather easily are oxidized in cells?

Lipid

Nucleinic acids

Proteins

Sugar

Any

Alive cells are …

Open systems

Closed systems

Multicellular organisms

Isolated systems

Unicellular organisms

Photo dissociate is…

Process of disintegration of a molecule on ions

Process of dissociate

Diffusion

The beating out of electron

Process of quantum

Photoizomerization is…

Change of a spatial configuration

Change of space

Change of photo beams

Conjugation

Process of quantum

Photodimirizationis…

Formation of chemical communication

Formation of physical communication

Formation of photochemical communication

Dimirization

Process of quantum

The molecule of substance, absorbing light, is designated by the letter

A

C

d

M

р

A longer nucleic acid is called…

a polynucleotide

an oligonucleotide

amino acid residues

polysaccharide

nucleoside

Enzymes that catalize reaction of addition of groups to double bonds, or formation of double bonds by removal of groups…

Lyases

Ligases

Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Enzymes that catalize group transfer reactions…

Transferases

Lyases

Ligases

Oxidoreductases

Hydrolases

More complex carbohydrate polymers covalently attached to proteins or lipids act as signals that determine the intracellular location or metabolic fate of these hybrid molecules, called…

Glycoconjugates

Monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Simple sugars, consisting of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit are called…

Monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

Oligosaccharides consist of short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by characteristic linkages called…

glycosidic bonds

peptide bonds

hydrogen bonds

Wan-der-Waals interaction

covalent bond

Short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by characteristic linkages called…

Oligosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

Short chains with two monosaccharide units are called…

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

If the carbonyl group is at any other position (in a ketone group) the monosaccharide is a…

ketose

aldose

spirit

acid

carbonic acid

Six-membered ring compounds that resemble the sixmembered ring compound pyran are called…

pyranoses

furanoses

oligosaccharides

furan

ring structure

Glucose and other sugars capable of reducing ferric or cupric ion are called…

reducing sugars

oligosaccharides

polysaccharides

amilopectin

biopolymers

Compounds containing an aldehyde or ketone group and two or more hydroxyl groups are called…

sugars

monomer

amilopectin

biopolymers

starch

Sugars that differ in configuration at only one carbon atom are called…

Epimers

Anomers

Chiral sugars

Assymetric sugars

Stereoisomers

One or several oligosaccharides of varying complexity joined covalently to a protein are called…

Glycoproteins

Proteins

Glycolipids

Prothetic group

Lipids

Apoenzyme is…

protein part of enzyme that contain the coenzyme

organic cofactor of enzyme

protein are bounded with prosthetic group

simple protein

prosthetic group

Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide- coenzyme that transferes:

Hydrogen atoms

Methyl groups

Alkyl groups

Acyl groups

Amino groups

Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols are called…

simple lipids

fats

waxes

compound lipids

phospholipids

Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid are called…

compound lipids

waxes

fats

simple lipids

phospholipids

Fats containing, in addition to fatty acids and glycerol, a phosphoric acid residue, nitrogen-containing bases, and other substituents, are called…

phospholipids

compound lipids

waxes

fats

simple lipids

Compounds of the fatty acids with carbohydrate, containing nitrogen but no phosphoric acid are called…

glycolipids

phospholipids

compound lipids

waxes

fats

Compounds of the fatty acids with carbohydrate, containing nitrogen but no phosphoric acid are called…

cerebrosides

phospholipids

compound lipids

waxes

fats

Substances derived from the above groups by hydrolysis are called…

Derived lipids

Phospholipids

Compound lipids

Waxes

Fats

A group of compounds that in vivo are synthesized from arachidonic acid known as…

Prostaglandins

Linoleic acid

Soyban oil

Cottonseed

Corn

Ergocalciferol is...

Vitamin D₂

Vitamin D₃

Vitamin A₂

Vitamin A₁

Vitamin B

Viosterol is...

Vitamin D₂

Vitamin D₃

Vitamin A₂

Vitamin A₁

Vitamin B

Cholecalciferol is...

Vitamin D₃

Vitamin D₂

Vitamin A₂

Vitamin A₁

Vitamin B

Activated ergosterol is…

Vitamin D₂

Vitamin D₃

Vitamin A₂

Vitamin A₁

Vitamin B

Transferases are...

Enzymes catalyzing a transfer of a group

Enzymes catalyzing oxidoreductions between two substrates

Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl, acid-anhydride, C-C, C-halide, or P-N bonds

Enzymes catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis

Enzymes catalyzing interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers

Isomerases are…

Enzymes catalyzing interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers

Enzymes catalyzing a transfer of a group

Enzymes catalyzing oxidoreductions between two substrates

Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl, acid-anhydride, C-C, C-halide, or P-N bonds

Enzymes catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis

Lyases are…

Enzymes catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis

Enzymes catalyzing interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers

Enzymes catalyzing a transfer of a group

Enzymes catalyzing oxidoreductions between two substrates

Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl, acid-anhydride, C-C, C-halide, or P-N bonds

Hydrolases are…

Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl, acid-anhydride, C-C, C-halide, or P-N bonds

Enzymes catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis

Enzymes catalyzing interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers

Enzymes catalyzing a transfer of a group

Enzymes catalyzing oxidoreductions between two substrates

Oxidoreductases are…

Enzymes catalyzing oxidoreductions between two substrates

Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl, acid-anhydride, C-C, C-halide, or P-N bonds

Enzymes catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis

Enzymes catalyzing interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers

Enzymes catalyzing a transfer of a group

Ligases are…

Enzymes catalyzing reaction forming C-O, C-S, C-N, and C-C bonds

Enzymes catalyzing oxidoreductions between two substrates

Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl, acid-anhydride, C-C, C-halide, or P-N bonds

Enzymes catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis

Enzymes catalyzing interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers

Glikoginolysis is …

Сatabolism of glycogen

Сatabolism of starch

Synthesis of glucose

Catabolism of cellulose

Synthesis of glycogen

273. Lactose is hydrolyzed by action of…

Lactase

Lipase

Sacharase

Phosphatase

Hexsokinase

. In detoxycation processes of organism take part the…

Glucuronic acid

Glucaric acid

Gluconic acid

Amino sugars

Sorbit

. Basic lipids in membrane of cell…

Phospholipids

Triacilglycerides

Holic acids

Cholesteri

Plasmolagens

. Water-soluble vitamin is…

All given vitamins

Ascorbic acid

Ribophlavin

Vitamin PP

Thiamin

. To fatty solubled vitamins do not concern…

Ribophlavin

Retinol

Tocopherol

Vitamin K

Calciferol

. Basic action of insuline is directed on the…

Metabolism of glucose

Metabolism of proteins

Metabolism of vitamins

Metabolism of amino acids

Metabolism of lipids

. The… is concern to ho

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