machinery /ma'Jiinari/ oSopynoBaHite macroeconomics /maskrao^ka'nomiks/
MaKp03K0H0MMKa
to make (both) ends meet /,meik (,bau0) endz
'mi:t/ CBOflHTb KOHlJbl C KOHUaMH
to make a bid /meik a 'bid/ npejyiaraTb qeHy (na a\Ki{uoHe)
to make a profit /,meik a 'profit/ nojiynaTb npM6biJib
manual work /maenjual,w3:k/ cJ)H3H«iecKHH Tpy/t to manufacture goods /maenju.faektja 'gudz/
npOH3BO^HTb TOBapbl
manufactured imports /maenju.faektfad impo: tS/ HMnOpT npOMblUI^eHHblX TOBapOB/rOTGBblX H3HeJIHH
marginal costs /maidjinl 'kosts/ npeaejibHbie n3^ep)4CKM (npupocm ooinux mdepmeK (pupMbi orn npou3eodcmea odnou donoAnumeAbHou eduHuu,bt npodyKi^uu) marginal utility/,ma:d3inl jui'tibti/ npeaejibHaa
n0Jie3H0CTb (donoAHumeJibnciR nojie3Hocrm>, nojiynaeMan ueAoeeKOM om nompedAenuH odnou donoAHumeAbHou edunui^bi daHnozo 6aaza 3a eduHuu^y epeMenu)
market economy /,ma:kit I'kDnami/ pwHOHHaa 3KOHOMHKa (KOHoma heckuh cucme.ua, ocHoeauHan na nacmnou coocmeenHocmu u ucn0Ab306aHuu MexaHU3Ma cnpoca u npedAOMenun dAH peine huh ocHoenux 3KOHOMUHecKUx eonpocoe)
to market goods /rnaikit gudz/ npOflaBaTb
TOBapbl
marketable wealth /maikitabl 'welB/ Snara, peajiMSyeMbie iiepe3 pbiHOK
mark-up price /,ma:kAp 'prais/ ijeHa c HaA^aBKOH K Hi/tep^cxaM npoioBoncTBa
mass production /mass pra'dAkJn/ MaccoBoe npOM'3BOflCTB0
mature industry /mo'tjuar 'indsstri/ CJlOKHBUiaflCJl, pa3BMTafl OTpaCJTb
to meet demand /mi:t di'ma:nd/ ygoBJieTBOpHTb cnpoc
mental work /,raentl 'W3:kJ yMCTBCHHbiH Tpyfl
measure /me39/ noKa3axejib
merchant /m3:tjant/ Kyney
microeconomics /.maikrao.iiks'nDiniks/ MHKpOSKOHOMHKa
miner /maind(r)/ maxTep mixed economy /,mikst I'konsmi/ cMemaHHaa 3K0H0MHKa (,9KOHOMU HeCKUH CUCtneMO, OCHOeaHHan na pa3AUHHbix (popMax codcmeeHHOcmu, xosnucmeeHHoe paseumue Komopou pezyAupyemcn pbiHKim, mpadtmuHMu u u,ewnpajiu306aHHbiMu peiuenuRMu)
mixed public goods /,mikst.pAblik 'gudz/ CMeuiaHHbie oomecTBeHHbie 6nara
money market /mAni ma:kit/,qeHe;>KHbiH pbiHOK,
B3JlK)THblH pbiHOK
monopsony /mo'nopsani/ MOHoricoHHH ( pbiHOK, na KomopQM deucmeyem Auuib odun noKynameAb moeapa, ycAyzu uau pecypca)
mortgage /mcxgids/ wnoreKa, 3aKJia^a»; MnOTeMHblH KpeflHT
multiplier /mAlti, plaia/ My.nbTnnnnKaTop {K03(p(pun,ueHm, noK<.i3bt6afou{itii omnoiueHue paeHoeecHOZO peaAbHoio 06-beMa npouseodcm&a K U3M€HeHiiH) o6~beMa UHeecmuu,uu uau K U3M£H£HMK) AK)60Z0 KOMflOHeHma COSOKytlHblX
pacxodoe)
multiplier effect /.niAltiplaiar ffekt/ 3c|DC]peKT MyjibTHn.miKaTopa
N
national defence /naej'anl di'fens/ nanHOHajibHan oSopoHa
national income /nsefsnl 'inkAm/ HaunoHajibHbiH JIOXOJI
national output /naejanl 'autpot/ oSmufi o&beM npoflyKixHH, npOH3Be^eHHOH b flaHHOfi crpaHe, COBOKynHblH npoflVKT
M a c m i I I a n Guide to Economlct Glossary t 27 |
natural disaster /.naetjral di'zaiste(r)/ cthxhhhoc oe^cTBHe
net investment /.net in'vestmant/ nncTbie HHBeCTHI|HH
net revenue /net 'rev3,nju:/ micTbui floxo/i
network /netw3:k/ ceTt; cucreMa
number crunching /nAmba,kr\ntjii]/ cjiojKHbie MaTeMaTMMecKiie pacieTbi
to obey law /a,bei 'b:/ noflHHHHTbCJt 3aKOHy
oligopoly /.Dli'gDpali/ ojiiironojiiifl (omuocumeAbHO HeooAbiuoe KOAunecmeo npou36odumeAeu oduopodHou npodyKi{uu npu nacmuHHOM KonmpoAe nad i^enaMu)
open economy /aopan ikonami/ oTKpbiTaa 3KOHOMHKa
open market operations /aopan,mn:kit npa'reijnz/ onepauiui na OTKpbiTOM pbiHKe
opportunity costs /opa'tju:nati kDSt/ H3nep>KKH ynyu;eHHbix bo^mokhoctch
order /o:da(r)/ saKa3
output /aotput/ o&beM Bbmycica, BbmycK (npodyKii,uu)
to overheat /,auva'hi:t/ neperpeBaTb(ca) overheating /,auva'hi:tii]/ neperpeB to owe hut bhXTh ROJl'AiHblM ownership /aona(r)J'ip/ coScTBeHHocTb, npaBO
128 Mtemlllan Guide to Economics Glossary |
Co6CTBeHHQCTH p
to package /puekids/ ynaKOBbiBaTb
panel data analysis /.paenl.deita a'naelasis/ aHaJtH3 naMenbHbix naHHbix (aHchvu noKd3ameAeu no onpedeAennoMy (pUKCiipoeaHHOMy KOAunecmey ynacmnuKOe 3K0H0MunecK0u denmeAbHocmu, npou36oduMbiu e meneuue necKOAbKux nepuodoe epeMenu)
part-time employee /,pa:t taim im'pbii:/ paSoTHHK, pa6oTaiomHH HenojiHbiH paSoMnii fleHb
pay /pei/ oruiaxa; 3apn.naTa
to pay back /pei 'baek/ BoiBpamaTb fleHbni (doAz, Kpeduni)
to pay off a debt /pei,of a det/ noKpbiBaTb flonr; paccMHTbiBaTbca no flo.iry
pay rise /pei,raiz/ noBbimeHHe 3apnjiaTbi
peasant /peznt/ KpecTbHHMH
pegging /pegiq/ npHBH3Ka BajuoTHoro Kypca k npyroH BajuoTe (uau Kopsune ecuuom)
to penalise /pi:nalaiz/ HaKa3biBaTb; lUTpacjwBaTb
pension scheme /penjn ski:m/ neHCHOHHaa cxeMa
perfect competition /,p3:fikt.kompa'tifn/ coBepuieHnaa KOHKypemuia (pbiHOK, na KomopoM deucmeyem HeozpanuneHHoe KOAUHecmea He3aeucuMbix dpyz om dpyza npou36odumeAeu, ebinycKatou^ux odHopoduyro npodyKU,uH) npu omcymcmeuu Heiienoeou KOHKypeHU,uu u oapbepoe dAR exoMdenun na
pbtHOK HOBblX IpUpM)
planned economy /.plasnd I'konami/ Ohm-. command economy) nJiaHOBafl 3kohomhku (3KOHOMunecKtifi cucmeMa, 8 KOniOpOU
MamepuajibHbie pecypcbi HejmwmcH zocydapcmeeHuou c on one chho c nib to, SKOHOMunecKdH denmeAbHOcmb odu^ecmsa ocymecmejmemcH nocpedcmeoM i^eHmpajiU30eaHH0Z0 ruiaHupoeamiR)
political corruption /pa.litikl ks'rApJn/ Koppyni^HH b noJiHTHKe
political insecurity /pa.litikl.insi'kjusrati/
II0J1MTM M£C KiiH He C TaSll.n b H O CT b
political unrest /psjitikl mi'rest/ nojniTHHecKife SecnopaflKii
poverty /pDvsti/ ocahoctl
poverty line /povati lain/ nepTa Se^HOCTH
'poverty trap' /pDvsti.traep/ «jioByuiKa HiuneTb]» (cumyaniiR, npu Komopou noebiuienue doxodos ce.Mbii c huskumu doxodauu, ejienem 3a co6ou au6o ympamy zocAbzom, au6o noebiiuemie h a a 01 o 06a o Me huh, Komopoe «ci>edaem» noebtiuenue doxodoe)
power /pau9(r)/ 1. jjeprcaBa 2. npaBO, BJiacTb
precious jewel /.prejas 'djuisl/ aparoijeHHbiii Ka\ieHb
precious metal /.prejss 'metl/ ^paropeHHbiH MeTami
to predict /pri'dikt/ npeflCKa3i>iBaTb
predictable /pn'diktsbl/ npeACitasyeMbiM
premises /premisiz/ noMeiueHna
price discrimination /prais di,sknmi'neijn/ i^eHOBaa ah ckpmmhh au,iisi (npatcmuKa ycmaHoeAenuH pa3Hbtx neu na pasAwmbte eduHui^bi odnozo u mozo Me moeapa dAH odnozu uau pa3Hbix noKynameAeu e ycAoeuHX uecoeepiueHHOu KOHKypeni {uu)
price elasticity /prais iilae'stisati/ ajiacTHHHOCTb
ueHbi
price maker /prais,meik3(r)/ KOMnaHHS, ycTaHaBJiHBaioiij,aa uenbi Ha pbiHKe
price point /prais.point/ 1. TOHKa ueHbi (na zpatpuKe) 2. uchoboh optieHTnp, LteHOBaa TOHKa (ypoeeHb u,eu, npuuHmbiu, e Kcmecmee opuenmupa npu coeeptuenuu KaKUX-Au6o onepaiiuu)
price taker /prais,teika(r)/ corjiamaioinHHCH c Hen on
primary goods /praimari gudz/ CbipbeBbie TOBapbl
primary industries /praimsri.indsstriz/ floObiBatomne OTpacjiM
printing business /prmtii].biznas/ ranorpac^cKHH oniHec
private sector /.praivat 'sekta(r)/ uacTHbin ceKTOp
production costs /prs'dAkJn kDsts/ Hi^ep>KKH
npOHJBOflCTBa
production line /pra'dAkJn,lain/ npOH3BOaCTBeHHaa JTHH11K
productivity /prodAk'tivsti/ (»im\ labour productivity) np0H3B0jiHTejibH0CTb (mpyda)
profit /profit/ npnobiJit
progressive tax /pra.gresiv 'taeks/ nporpecciiBHbiH Hajior
to provide services /pra.vaid 's3:visiz/ npeAOCTaBJiHTb yc.iynt
public goods /pAblik gudz/ o6m,ecTBeHHbie 6.nara
public spending /.pAblik 'spendiq/ rocpacxoflbi
publishing company /pAbhj nj.kAinpani/
H3flaTeJIbCTBO
pull (in demand) /,pol (in di'ma:nd)/ yBejiHHeHHe (cnpoca)
purchase /p3:tjas / noKynKa
pure monopoly /pju3(r) ma'nDpali/ MiicTaa
MOHOnOJlMH
pure public goods /pjo3(r).pAblik,gudz/ HHCTbie oSmecTBeHHbie OJiara
to put tariffs on smth /put 'taerifs Dn,SAm9iq/ HaiaraTb Tapncjibi ha hto-jih6o
Q
quota /kwsuta/ KBOTa
R
to ration goods /raejn gudz/ pacnpe^ejiHTb TOBapbi (no xapmoHKaM npu decpuu,ume)
raw materials /,ro: ma'tiarislz/ cbipbe
recent study /,ri:snt 'stAdi/ HeflaBnee HOcjieflOBaHne
recession /n'sejn/ peyecciifl, cHJibHbiH cnafl,
KpH3HC
recovery /ri'kAVsri/ owuB.neHiie
relationship /ri'leifnfip/ B3aiiMOCBH3b, BiailMOOTHOLUeHH5i
relative /relstiv/ OTHOCHTejibHbift
I 30 M a c m I f I a n Guide to Economics Glossary |
repayment /ripeimant/ nua-roK (no Kpedumy), norameHHe (saiiAta. doAza)
replacement investment /ri'pleismsnt in,vestmant/ KamiTajioBJioaceHMH, nanpaBJiaeMtie Ha B03MemeHne
research /ri's3:tj/ HccjienoBaHtie
to restrict trade /ri,strikt 'treid/ orpaHUMUBaxb TOprOBJIIO
retail price index /,ri:teil prais,indeks/ hhjjckc
p03HHHHbIX UeH
retailer /ri:teil3(r)/ po3HHHHaa <J>npMa, p03HHMHbIH TOprOBeU,
return /ri't3Tn/ oSopoT; aoxofl
revenue /revsnjui/ floxofl
reward /n'woid/ B03Harpa»meHHe
roller-coaster ride of boom and depression /.raute.k^usta,raid av,bum an di'prejn/ ro.noBOKpyaciiTejibHaa Hepe/ja noji^eMOB h cnaflOB
to run a business /rAn a biznss/ pyKOBOflHTb
6ll3HeCOM
s
safety net /seifti,net/ cucTeivia CTaou/ibnoio
4>yhkhiiohilpobahha cjlhhahcoboii CHCTCMbi; ceTKa 6e30nacH0CTH (cucmeMa ooecnenemui 3 kohomuneckou 6e30nacH0cmu; e conuaAbnou odAacmu - amo noddepwauue zocydapcmeoM neiLuyuf ux cAoee, 6 (punancoeou c(pepe - oGecneneuue (pyh^uohupoeanur oohkobckou cucmeMbi)
sales /seilz/ oGteM npogax: saver /seiva(r)/ BK/ia^HiiK
savings account /seivnjz 9,kaunt/ c6eperaTejibHbiH cneT
savings /seivirjz/ cSepeaceHHfl
scale /skeil/ MacuiTa6
scarcity /skeasati/ HexBaTKa, net^myiT
seasonal unemployment /,si:zsnl Anim'pbimant/ ce30HHaa 6e3pa6oTima (cea3am c omcymcmeueM/ HeHadodnocmbio kcikozo-auGo euda denmeAbhocmu e onpedeAenuoe epeMH zoda)
securities /si'kjuaratiz/ u,eHHbie 6yMarn
security /si'kjusrsti/ 1. rapaHTiip0BaHH0ctb 2. rapaHraa, 3anor 3. saujHTa, oxpaHa
serf /s3:f/ KpenoCTHoi
to set prices /set praisiz/ ycTaHaBjihbaTb u,eHbi share /Jea/ aojth (nanp. pbiHKa)', aioqia shelter /Jelte(r)/ KpoB
shift in demand /Jift in di'maind/ H3MeHeHHe b cnpoce
ship building /Jip,bildii]/ cyaocTpoeHne shipyard /Jipjaid/ cyflOBep4>b shock therapy /jok,6erapi/ moKOBaa Tepamis short run /Jo:t,rAn/ KpaTKOcpoHHbm shortage /Jo;tidy necfjmjHT to shrink /Jriqk/ coKpamaTbca skilled /skild/ KBajint^fmnpoBaHHbift slump /slAmp/ cnafl
social security benefit /saujl si,kju9rati 'benafit/ nocoowe coujtajibHoro CTpaxobslhur stagflation /staeg'fleijn/ cTarcjjjiHUHji (3kohomunecKuu 3acmou npu odnoepeMeHuou UH(pJlHUtUU)
stall owner /sto:l,aona(r)/ Bjiaaejieu ToproBoro MecTa Ha pbiHKe
stalls /sto:lz/ npnjiaBKH (na pbiHxe)\ najiaTKH
staple goods /steipl,gudz/ ochobhwc npo^yKTbi nwTaHHa; TOBapbi nepsoH hcooxoahmocth
state monopoly /steit ma'nopali/ rocy^apcTBeHHaa mohoiiojimh
state run industries /steit rAn indastriz/ rocyaapCTBeHHbie oTpacjw
state run shop /steit,rAn 'Jap/ rocy^apCTBeHHbiH Mara3HH
state sector /steit 'sekta(r)/ rocyaapcTBeHHbiH ceKTop
to steer /stia(r)/ ynpaBjiaxb
sterling /st3:liq/ (hoah. pound sterling) 4>yHT CTepjiHHTOB (eoAH)ma BeAUKodpumanuu)
stock exchange /stok iks^Jeindy c^oHaoBaa onp>Ka
stock market /stok ma:kit/ (jioHflOBbifi pbiHOK
stocks /stDks/ 3anacbi; tjeHHbie GyMarn
storage /stoind.V xpaHeHHe
structural unemployment /.strAktJaral Anim'pbimant/ crpyKTvpHaa 6e3pa6oTHi|a (i6e3pa6omuu,a cpedu padomix ueKomopbtx npo(peccuu npu hoauhuu cnpoca na paoonux dpyzux npo/fteccuu)
subsistence (level) /sab'sistans,levl/ npOitCMTOHHblH MHHHMyM
subsistence farming /ssb'sistans,fa:miq/ (m.w:. subsistence agriculture) HaTypanbHOe centcKoe X03SMCTB0; npHMHTLIBHOe CeJIbCKOe X03HHCTB0
substitute /sAbstitju:t/ TOBap-aHajror; 3aMeHitTe.rib
substitution effect /.SAbsti'tjuiJn i,fekt/ 3cj?c^eKT 3aMemeHHH
to suffer a devastating collapse /sAfar a.devgsteitir] ka'laeps/ npexepneBaxb pa^pyuiHTejibHbiH Kpax
suicide rate /su:isaid,reit/ ypoBeHb caMoySnflcTB
supermarket checkout /,su:pama:kit 'tfekaot/ Kacca b Mara3HHe caMooocjiy»aiBaHii>i
supplier /ss'plaisfr)/ nocTaBmiiK
supply and demand pattern /sa.plai an di'ma:nd,paet3n/ woflejib B3aiiMoaeHCXBHH cnpoca n npeyjiOKeiiMH
to supply smb with smth /ss'plai wi0/ CHa6>Kaxb Koro-JinSo MeM-jrado
supply /sa'plai/ npe/t.no>KeHne
supply-side shock /sa.plai said 'Jnk/ noTpacemie,
BbI3BaHHOe CO CTOpOHbl npCflJI0iK.eHMH surplus /s3:plas/ HiObiTOK, ui.nmiieK survey /s3:vei/ o63op, HCcjie/joBaHiie sustained economic growth /sa.steind i:ka,nomik
'gr3u6/ yCTOHHHBblH 3KOHOMHHeCKHH pOCT
I32h1acmillan Guide to Economics Glossary |
to swap /swop/ MeHHTb, oSMeHHBaTb(ca)
T
to take into account /teik mtu: a'kaunt/ npHHHMaXb BO BHHMaHHe to take on staff /.teik on 'stcuf/ opaxb Ha paooxy nepcoHaji
takeover /teiksuvafr)/ norjiomemie orhoh KOMnaHHeH flpyroft KOMnaHHH
target /ta:git/ uejib, uejieBOH opueHTiip
tax payer /tasks peia(r)/ HajiorormaxejibiUHK
taxation /taek'seijn/ HajiorooSnojKeroie
temporary /temprari/ BpeMeHHbift
tied aid /taid eid/ o6yc;ioBJieHHaH noMomb (noMoinb, censaHHan c ebinojiHenueM kukux- au6o ycjweuu noMoza/vu^eu cmopoHbt)
timber /timb3(r)/ npeBeciiHa
time lag /taim laeg/ BpetvieHHofi.rrar, 3a,g;ep>KKa bo bpemehh Me»my coQbrriieM 11 c/ie/jcxBiieM
time-series analysis /,taim,si3ri:z a'naslasis/ aHajiiB BpeMeHHbix pa^oB
tool /tuil/ HHCTpy MeH T
trade balance /treid banians/ xoproBbift oajiaHc
trade cycle /treid saikl/ npoMbiuuieHHbrft ijhkji
trade deficit /treid defisit/ aec^nunx xoproBoro 6ajiaHca
trade surplus /treid 's3:plas/ nono>Knxe.iibHoe caJib^o ToproBoro SanaHca
trade-off /treid of/ oomch; komiipomhcc; ycxymca
trader /'treida(r)/ xpeiipep; xoproBen; 6np>KeBoti cneKyjiHHX
trading partnership /treidiq pa:tnajip/
COXpVflHHHeCTBO B OOJiaCTH xoproBjiH
transaction /traen'zaekj'n/ cnejixa, jjenoBaa onepauiia
to transfer money /traens,f3: mAni/ nepeBojuiTb geHbrH
transfer payments /trsensf3:(r).pennants/ TpaHCfjiepTHLie imaTeaai (ebimambi HaceAenuto no npozpaMMaM coiiuaAbHOZO cmpaxoeamiH, a maKxe ebtiuiama npoiienmoe 6AadeAbu ,aM zocydapcmeeHHbix 06113a me a heme)
transport cost /traensprxt kDSt/ M3,iiep>KKii Ha TpaHcnoprapoBKy
transport department /,trsenspo;t di'paitmant/ MMHMCTepcTBO TpaHcnopTa
trend /trend/ TeHjjeHOHH
tribal /traibl/ lmeMeHHoft
tribe /traib/ njieMfl
turnover /t3:n,aova(r)/ o6opor
U
unemployment benefit /Anim,ploimant 'benafit/ noco6ne no 6e3pa6oTKH,e
unfair /An'fea(r)/ HecnpaBefljiHBbni
unit of account /juinit av a'kaunt/ pacneTHas ^eHeiKHaa eflHHHija
unjust /An'd3Ast/ HecnpaBejjJiHBbm
utility /jui'tilati/ n0Jie3H0CTi>
V
value /vselju:/ ctohmoctb, qeHHOCTb
value added tax /.vaelju: aedid taeks/ (coKpameHHo VAT) - Hanor Ha jjoSaBJieHHyio CTOHMOCTb (HJJC) variable /veariabl/ nepcMeHHan (ecAUHUHa)
variable costs /.veariabl 'kDSts/ nepeMeHHbte M3yep>KKii (u3depMKu, oGwfiin eeAunuha Komopux eo3pacmaem uau yMeHbutaemcn, Kozda 603pacmaem uau yMeHbuiaemcn oo~be.M ebinycKa (pupMbi)
vertical axis /,v3itikl aeksis/ BepTHKajibHaa ocb
vertical takeover /,v3:ttkl 'teikaova(r)/ BepTHKajibHoe nornomeHiie
W
wage rate /weid3 reit/ CTaBKa 3apruiaTbi warehouse /weahaus/ CKJian watermark /wD:ta,ma:k/ bouhhoh 3H3K wealthy /welBi/ 6oraTbift, cocTOHTejtbHbin
to weight /weit/ nepeu. npii/iaBaTb 3Ha<uiMocTb,
Bee
welfare economics /.welfear iikanomiks/
3KOHOMMKa SjiarOCOCTOflHHfl
welfare /welfeafr)/ ojiarococToatme
wholesaler /haoiseita(r)/ onTOBaa 4>iipMa, orrroBbiH ToproBeit
to win a share of the market /,win a Jea av fia
'ma:kit/ nojiyHHTb flo.aw pbiHita
withdrawal /wiS'draial/ m-bwmc BKJiafla (us
OUHKCl)
workforce /w3:kfo:s/ paooMaa cmia
working age /w3:kiq,eids/ TpyaocnocofiHbiH B03paCT
Macmillan Guide to Economics Audio CD
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1 Copyright Information Unit 1
2 C Listening (p5)
3 F Listening (p7)
4 Pronunciation Guide (p8)
Unit 2
5 C Listening (p 10)
6 F Listening (pi 2)
7 Pronunciation Guide (pi3)
Unit 3
8 C Listening (pi5)
9 F Listening (pi7)
10 Pronunciation Guide (p 18)
Unit 4
11 C Listening (p20)
12 F Listening (p22)
13 Pronunciation Guide (p23)
Unit 5
14 C Listening (p26)
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16 Pronunciation Guide (p29)
Unit 6
17 C Listening (p31)
18 F Listening (p33)
19 Pronunciation Guide (p34)
Unit 7
20 C Listening (p36)
21 F Listening (p38)
22 Pronunciation Guide (p39)
Unit 8
23 C Listening (p41)
24 F Listening (p43)
25 Pronunciation Guide (p44)
Unit 9
26 C Listening (p47)
27 F Listening (p49)
28 Pronunciation Guide (p50)
Unit 10
29 C Listening (p52)
30 F Listening (p54)
31 Pronunciation Guide (p55)
Unit 11
32 C Listening (p57)
33 F Listening (p59)
34 Pronunciation Guide (p60)
Unit 12
35 C Listening (p62)
36 F Listening (p64)
37 Pronunciation Guide (p65)
Unit 13
38 C Listening (p68)
39 F Listening (p70)
40 Pronunciation Guide (p71)
Unit 14
41 C Listening (p73)
42 F Listening (p75)
43 Pronunciation Guide (p76)
Unit 15
44 G Listening (p78)
45 F Listening (p80)
46 Pronunciation Guide (p81)
Unit 16
47 C Listening (p83)
48 F Listening (p85)
49 Pronunciation Guide (p86)
Unit 17
50 C Listening (p90) 61 F Listening (p92)
52 Pronunciation Guide (p92)
Unit 18
53 C Listening (p94)
54 F Listening (p96)
55 Pronunciation Guide (p97)
Unit 19
56 C Listening (p99)
57 FListening (pi01)
58 Pronunciation Guide (pl02)
Unit 20
59 C Listening (pi04)
60 FListening (pi06)
61 Pronunciation Guide (pl07)
Unit 21
62 C Listening (pl09)
63 FListening (pill)
64 Pronunciation Guide (pi 12)
Deai Mr Snape.
I am sorry to have to write to you with bad news. After 35 years as one of Bollington's top printing companies, we have deckled to dose the business down
In the last five years P&Q Printing have made many aggressive (11 skills* of other companies. Furthermore, with then modem factories, P&Q operate an economy of (21 staff which is difficult for us to compete with. Their factory here in Bolimgton produces over 2,000 books per month This is double the 13) takeovers of our traditional printing methods. Moreover, they can provide (4) warehouses, for their products Their large (S)Datoragc enable them to do tins. This also helps them keep costs down
Of course, our decision means that our <f 1 - lie will lose their;cbs This is very sad, as they have all taken (/ iDafford m their work over the years. However, we simply cannot (8) pride to pay their salaries anymore. The only good thing is that they all have valuable <9>Dproduc!ivitv and I am sure they will find work quickly.
I will write to you again with further details as soon as I have them.
Yours sincerely,
Jchr. Ink
Managing Director
Dear Gill.
llow are you getting on at university? As you know, rather than studying, 1 decided to get a job but you will bo surprised to hear my news
I didn't take the job I was offered in the
11.................. department because 1 was also
offered another job in a bank! You may well be wondering why and the answer is simple - money!
It would have boon hard to (21.................. or
the salary the first job paid. As a single jx;rson my
personal (3).................... isn't very much so I
have to pay a lot of tax. Being paid well is always a
14 >................ in any job! Added to that. I'm not
! 5).................. to work in the city centre which
is something I'd prefer to avoid and neither do I
run the risk of being (6)..................... I'd hate to
have to move.
Anyway, the position I have is working at a
(71................... As you can imagine. I see a lot of
things in a day it's never boring Take yesterday. Well, an old lady came to my counter, opened her
bag and took out her (St................ Then she
began to count a huge pile of coins and notes in front of me. This went on for a while, then the man behind her started to complain. Of course that
had a(n) (9).................... and soon the whole
bank was going crazy, all the customers arguing. Throughout ail of this the old woman continued her counting! Well, she deposited her life savings and the customers calmed down. 1 must say. perhaps there's a bit too much excitement sometimes. I may- move to the loans department in the future. It might be easier to (10) people money.
Anyway, let me know how you're getting on.
Love.
Helen xxx
The................... is the government minister
responsible for the economy.
................ growth is growth that can continue
for a long time.
[1] 10 M a t mi 11 a» GuMi to Economic* Unit 21
[2] 20 M a c m 111 a r Guide to Economics G I oi 5 ary
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