is used to express grammatical relations –

TYPES OF INVERSION

GRAMMATICAL is used to express grammatical relations – e.g, to differentiate between types of sentences or clauses

COMMUNICATIVE is based on the “end-focus” principle: the most important information is put in the final position; [Theme + Rheme ]

EMPHATIC is based on “fronting”: some part of the sentence is made prominent by being placed in the initial position – verbs follow these fronted elements; [ Rheme + Theme]

FULL (the whole predicate comes before the subject: said Mary)
1) in stage directions Enter Miss Prism, hurriedly. Exit Merriman.	1) in sentences with the introductory there and here There comes the Dean. (but: There he comes.)	1) after fronted postpositions (= after-verb words) Up went the rocket. (but: Up it went.) Pop went champagne cocks. (but: Pop they went.)
2) in short sentences after direct speech used to indicate the speaker “I can’t trust her,” said Tom. “That’s superb!” cried Lizzy.	2) after protracted (= long) adverbial modifiers of place/direction On a stiff armchair, antique and evil-looking, sat the old general.	2) after fronted predicatives, sometimes with so / such… that + to be Tall and graceful was Ann. So tired was Mary that she could hardly move.

PARTIAL (onlythe verb-operator is placed before the subject: is he blind, does she care)
3) in different communicative types of sentences: - general questions, polite requests, tag questions Do you like grammar? - pronominal questions What is your name? - exclamatory sentences expressing wish, despair Come what may! - exclamatory sentences negative in form but positive in meaning Wouldn’t it be awful without Christmas!	3) in short responses after so, neither, nor – I didn’t like the film. – Nor did I. – We are ready. – So am I. But! In short sentences expressing emphatic confirmation the word order is direct. – You’ve just made a mistake. – So I have! (Да, это так./Действительно.) Note that, unlike in the situations above, here both sentences are about the same person.	3) after fronted negative and semi-negative words and only… Never will they see their car again. Little does he know about business. Not a word did she utter. Only then did they realize their mistake. and after fronted adverbial modifiers of manner Well do we know his tricks! Many a time has he regretted his decision
4) in adverbial clauses of: a) condition Should you see Tom, kiss him for me. Were the crisis to continue, it would be awful. Had he not insisted, the plan would have been dropped. b) concession Tired though he is, he will do the work. Much as we like grammar, we can’t have it every day!	4) after as, than, so Robert was sly, as was his brother.	4) after fronted predicatives and other sentence parts in structures with so/such…that + to be So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him in amazement. Such an attitude did he display towards the matter that we all decided to keep silent. .

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04