Transitions – слово или фраза, связывающие предыдущую тему с последующей.

Transitions – слово или фраза, связывающие предыдущую тему с последующей.

Transitions are words and phrases that show the relationships between ideas. They are like signposts that direct travelers.

Here is a list of the major types of transitions:

1. Words that show addition;
2. Words that show time;
3. Words that show contrast;
4. Words that show comparison;
5. Words that show illustration;
6. Words that show cause and effect.

1. Addition words tell you that the writer is presenting one or more ideas that continue along the same line of thought as a previous idea. They introduce ideas that add to a thought already mentioned. Here are some common additional words:

one, also, another, in addition, moreover, next, first of all, second, third, furthermore, last of all, finally.

As soon as the weather turned warm, ants invaded our kitchen. A few also visited the bathroom.

2. Words that show time:

First, then, often, since, next, before, after, soon, as, now, until, previously, while, during, immediately, frequently

First I skim the pages of the program. Then I circle the ones I want to watch.

2.1. Some transition words have the same meaning. For example, also, moreover and furthermore all mean “in addition”. Authors typically use a variety of transitions to avoid repetition.

2.2. In some cases the same word can serve as two different types of transitions depending on how it is used.

My mother has some strange kitchen habits. First, she loves to cook with the radio on full blasé. Moreover … (The author is beginning a train of thought).

First may also be used to signal a time sequence:

First, the boys began shouting. Then …

3. Contrast words show that two things differ in one or more ways.

but, however, yet, although, in contrast, instead, still, despite, conversely, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of

Comparison words signal that the author is patenting out a similarity between two subjects. They tell us that the second idea is like the first one in some way.

like, as, just like, lust as, likewise, similarly, in like manner, in a similar fashion, in the same way, as well, equally

When individuals communicate, they are more likely to solve their problems. In a similar fashion, countries can best solve their problems through communication.

4. Words that show illustration indicate that an author will provide one or more examples to develop and clarify a given idea. They tell us that the second idea is an example of the first.

For example, for instance, to illustrate, such as, once, including

My grandmother doesn’t hear well. For instance, she never answers my questions.

5. Words that show cause and effect signal that the author is explaining why something happened or will happen.

Thus, as a result, therefore, because, result is, leads to, because of, consequently, accordingly, if … then, since, so.

If it gets too humid, then our door will swell up.

Patterns of Organization

To help readers understand their main points, authors try to present supporting details in a clearly organized way:

1. Time order;
2. List of items;
3. Comparison and/or contrast;
4. Cause and effect;
5. Definition and example.

Time Transitions

first, second, then, since, next, before, after, soon, as, now, until, later, while, during, when, finally

List of Items

Addition transitions:

and, also, another, in addition, moreover, next, first of all, first, second, furthermore, last of all, finally.

Comparison and/or Contrast

Comparison transitions:

like, likewise, similarly, just like, equally, similarities, just as, resembles, same, alike, also, similar.

Contrast transitions:

however, in contrast, instead of, on the other hand, as opposed to, unlike, different, differently, differs from

Cause and Effect

thus, as a result, therefore, because, result in, since, because of, consequently, causes, effects, leads to.

Definition and Example

Example transitions:

for example, for instance, as an illustration, to illustrate, such as, to be specific, one, specifically, including.

Fact and Opinion

A fact is a statement that can be proven true through objective evidence.

Albert Einstein willed his violin to his grandson. (This statement can be checked in historical publications or with Einstein’s estate).

An opinion is a statement that cannot be objectively proven true or false. Opinions usually express the beliefs, feelings, or judgments that a person has about a subject.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04