;The UK of GB and N1 occupies the territory of the -British Isles. It consists of four main countries which

THE UNITED KINGDOM

;The UK of GB and N1 occupies the territory of the -British Isles. It consists of four main countries which

are: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Their capitals are: London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and

Belfast. The UK is an island state: it is composed of 15,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands are:

GB to the east and Ireland to the west. They are I separated by the Irish sea. The UK is one of the world's: smaller countries with an area of some 244 thousand. square klm. The population of the UK is over 59 mln

people. English is the official language. But some people

speak Scottish, Welsh and Irish.

Соединенное Королевство

Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии занимает территорию Британских островов. Оно состоит из 4 основных стран: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии. Их столицами являются Лондон, Эдинбург, Кардифф и Белфаст. Соединенное Королевство является островным государством: оно состоит из 5,5 тысяч островов больших и маленьких. Два основных острова это Великобритания на востоке и Ирландия на западе. Они разделены Ирландским морем. Соединенное Королевство одна из самых маленьких стран в мире с территорией 244 тысячи квадратных километров. Население королевства составляет более 59 млн человек. Английский язык является официальным языком, но некоторые люди говорят на Шотландском, Уэльском и Ирландском языках.

MY SPECIALITY

Teaching is a very difficult job. A good teacher is a model of competence. Working with children a teacher studies them closely to know their interests, their strength and weaknesses. At school I got interested in the teaching profession. Now I'm a [second-year student of the Mordovian Teacher's I Training Institute named after M.E. Evsevyev. I (study at the faculty of physics and mathematics. [The course of studies lasts five years. In the third;and fourth years of our studies we have teaching fpractice at school. This practice makes the students ^realize one thing: the more you know the better and [ easier you work. When I graduate from the Institute J and get a job at school I will pass my knowledge to; my future pupils.

Моя специальность

Преподавание- очень сложная работа. Хороший учитель является образцом компетенции. Работая с детьми, учитель изучает их тесным образом, чтобы узнать их интересы, их сильные и слабые стороны. Еще в школе я заинтересовалась педагогической профессией. Сейчас я студентка второго курса МГПИ им М.Е. Евсевьева. Я учусь на факультете начального образования. Курс обучения длится 5лет. На третьем и четвертом годах обучения мы проходим педагогическую практику в школе. Эта практика помогает студентам понять одну вещь: чем больше ты знаешь, тем лучше и легче ты работаешь. Когда я закончу институт и получу работу в школе, я передам мои знания моим будущим ученикам.

4 England

The largest and most densely populated part of the United Kingdom is England. The population of Eng 47, 837 million people. England is washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the English Channel and the Si Dover.

The capital of England is London, which is the largest city in Britain. It is situated on the River Tham most important one). There are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester anc famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.

Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. Cambridge is the home of Britain's second university.

There are many rivers in England, the longest is the Severn. England is mostly a lowland country. I regions are in the north and the south-west.

The English like to spend their holiday in Lake District, which is in the Northern England.

The main industries in England are the wool industry (with its centre in Leeds and Bradford), heavy mac] shipbuilding, the cotton industry (the centre is Manchester).

(jyThe UK of Great Britain and Northern Irefand rj⁰*" ^rf'

The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies the territory of the British Isles. It consists of 4 countries which are-England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinbi Cardiff and Belfast. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the The UK is an Island state.The two main islands are: Great Britain to the east and Ireland to the west. The; separated by the Irish Sea.

(The area of the UK is 244,100 square kmsl It is situated off to the northwest coast of Europe betweei Atlantic Ocean on the north and the North Sea on the east and is separated from the European continent b English Channel (or La Manche) and the Straits of Dover (or Pas de Calais).

The population of the UK is over 57 mln people. The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scots, the Welsl the Irish who constitute the British nation. English is not the only language. Scottish, Welsh and Irish are used.

The flag of the UK is known as the Union Jack.

Geographically the island of Great Britain is subdivided into 2 main regions: Lowland Britain and Higr Britain. Lowland Britain comprises southern and eastern England. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, mc Wales, the Pennines (or the Pennine Chain) and the Lake District. The highest mountain top is Ben Nev Scotland. The chief rivers of Great Britain are: the Severn, separating England and Wales, the Thames longest and the deepest one). The swiftest flowing river is the Spray. Also the Tweed is famous (the woolen f is made here). There are many lakes in Great Britain. The Lake District is the most beautiful.

The largest are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, Leeds, Cardiff. The capitals are: Lond< England, Edinburgh in Scotland, Cardiff in Wales and Belfast in Northern Ireland. THE UK IS A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.

6iLondon

orflic and com

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is the chief pc Great Britain. It is one of the greatest cities of the world. Its population is about 9 million people.

The City is one part of London. Traditionally London is divided into: the City, the West End, Westmi and the East End. The City is the heart of London, its financial and business centre.

The City of Westminster is one of the most famous historic areas in London as it contains both the se Government and the crowning place of kings and queens.

The Houses of Parliament is the seat of British Parliament, The Houses of Parliament comprise the Б of Lords and the House of Commons.

The West End is the centre of London. There are historical palaces, museums, beautiful parks, department stores, hotels, restaurants, theatres and concert halls in this part of London.

One of the most beautiful palaces is Buckingham Palace, the official residence of the Queen.

The oldest of all the royal residences in London is the Tower of London.

The Yeomen of the Guard (Beefeaters) were originally formed to be a body-guard for Henry VII. The} wear the Tudor uniform chosen by the King and now give guided tours of the Tower.

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5. At (классах первой ступени начальной школы) reading, writing and arithmetic are taught for about 20 minutes a day during the first year, gradually increasing to about 2 hours in their last year. 1^,, j.„. ■ л.

6. By the time children are ready for the (второй ступени "начальной школы) they will be able to read and write, do simple addition and subtraction of numbers.

_; 7. At 7. children go on from the infant school to the junior school, this marks
the (переход) from play to real work. ^ g^- t'IoJl 4

8. At the junior schools children have (фиксированные в расписании уроки) of arithmetic, reading, composition, History, Geography, Nature Study, Art and Music, Physical Education and Swimming. i i q»i ^

9. Pupils are streamed according to their (способностям) to learn into A, B, С and D streams, the least gifted are in the D stream.,.

10. After the age of 11 most children go to (единую среднюю школу) where
they can get secondary education.

Pre-primary and Primary Education

Nurseries — Primary School¹ — Streaming — The Eleven-Pius Examination²—No More of it?

In some areas of England there are nursery schools³ for children under 5 years of age. Some children between two and five receive education in nursery classes or in infants classes⁴ in primary schools. Many children attend informal pre-school play-groups organized by parents in private homes. Nursery schools are staffed with teachers and students in training. There are all kinds of toys to keep the children busy from 9 o'clock in the morning till 4 o'clock in the afternoon-while their parents are at work. Here the babies play, lunch and sleep. They can run about and play in safety with some one keeping an eye on them.

For day nurseries which remain open all the year round the parents pay according to their income. The local education authority's nurseries⁵ are free. But only about three children in 100 can go to them: there aren't enough places, and the waiting lists are rather long.

Most children start school at five in a primary school. A primary school may be divided into two parts—infants and juniors. At infants school reading, writing and arithmetic are taught for about 20 minutes a day during the first year, gradually increasing to about 2 hours in their last year. There is usually no written timetable. Much time is spent in model ling from clay or drawing, reading or singing.

By the time children are ready for the junior school⁶ they will be able to read and write, do simple addition and sub traction of numbers.

At seven children go on from the infants school to the junior school. This marks the transition from play to 'real work'. The children have set periods⁷ of arithmetic, reading and composition which are all Eleven Plus subjects. History,

Geography, Nature Study, Art and Music, Physical Education, Swimming are also on the timetable.

Pupils are streamed⁸, according to their ability to learn, into A,B,C and D streams. The least gifted are in the D stream. Formerly towards the end of their fourth year the pupils wrote their Eleven Plus Examination. The hated 11+ examination was a selective procedure on which not only the pupils' future schooling but their future careers depended. The abolition of selection at Eleven-Plus Examination brought to life comprehensive schools⁹ where pupils can get secondary education.

References

1. primary school — общая начальная школа (для детей от 5 до 11 лет в Англии и от 5 до 12 лет в Шотландии; государственная; включает первую ступень малышей и начальную школу)

2.Eleven-Plus Examination — отборочные экзамены в 11 с половиной лет (включают интеллектуальные тесты на проверку умственных способностей учащегося, его сообразительности, знания английского языка и арифметики; по результатам экзаменов определяют, в каком типе школы учащемуся продолжить образование: в классической, технической или средней современней школе; в большинстве школ эти экзамены были отменены с введением единой средней школы

3. nursery school — дошкольное учреждение; старшая группа детского

сада

4. infants classes — классы первой ступени начальной школы (от 5 до 7

лет)

5. local education authority's nursery — дошкольное учреждение, находящееся в ведении местных органов образования

6. junior school — начальная школа (для детей от 7 до 11 лет; государственная; существует самостоятельно или в составе общей начальной школы)

7. set periods — фиксированные в расписании уроки

8. to stream — распределять по потокам (в зависимости от результатов интеллектуальных тестов: streaming — распределение по «потокам»; сравните: grouping — распределение по профилям, уровням, setting — распределение по группам для изучения предметов на разных уровнях и в зависимости от успехов)

9. comprehensive school — единая средняя школа (соединяющая три типа школ: классическую, среднюю современную и техническую)

After reading

Number the sentences in the correct order according to the text you have

read.

	Our Institute at the Mordovian Teacher's Training Institute. It was after Makar Evseviev, a world famous Mordovian [and teacher. Our institute was opened in 1962. It is Lin the south-west part о our city in Studencheskaya ^The head of it is Kadakin Vasiliy Vasilevich. |s' training institute is an institution of higher f. It is one of the leading educational centres of our i. There are 5851 students in this institution. There are iilties in our institute. These are the faculty of physics hematics, biology and chemistry, philological faculty, pity of history and law, the faculty of foreign es, the faculty of physical culture, the faculty of n'cal and art education, the faculty of psychology and bgy, the faculty of additional education. The course ■ition lasts from 3 to 5 years according to the faculty, stitute has full-time and part-time educational lines. The institute is housed in 5 modern buildings, 'them has an excellent library, a student's canteen, a:h sporting equipment. There is an old stadium on the j of our institute. A new stadium will be built there	Наш институт Я учусь в мордовском педагогическом институте Евсевьева, мордовского ученого и учителя мир уровня. Наш институт был открыт в 1962 год расположен в юго-западной части нашего горо, студенческой улице. Его возглавляет Кадакин Ва Васильевич. Педагогический институт- это учреж высшего образования. Это один из вел образовательных центров нашей республики. В учреждение 5851 студент. В нашем институ факультетов. Это: факультет физико-математиче биолого-химический, филологический, факу истории и права, факультет иностранных яз] факультет физического образования, педагогическ* художественного образования, психологии дефектологии, факультет дополнительного образов, Курс обучения длится от 3 до 5 лет. Наш институт v дневное и заочное отделения. Институт расположи современных зданиях. Каждое из них имеет прекрас библиотеку, студенческую столовую, зал со спортиЕ оборудованием. На территории нашего института старый стадион. Новый стадион вскоре будет постро»
	London is the capital of GB, its political, economic and centre. London is very old. It was founded more than usand years ago on the banks of the river Thames, ndon is one of the largest cities in the world and a big t. The population of London is about 8 million, 'is divided into many parts.But the most important re: the City, the West End, the East End and ister. The City is the oldest part of London. It is very ut it is financial and business centre of the country, ister is the administrative centre of London. The of Parliament are situated here. The West End is the mrt of London. The best cinemas, theatres, concert useums and hotels are situated here. The East End is rest part of London. There are many factories and sre. The port and the docks are in this part of London, king people live here. ■	Лондон Лондон является столицей Великобритании, политическим, экономическим и культурным цент Лондон очень старый. Он был основан более 2 тысяч назад на берегах реки Темза. Сейчас Лондон одш крупнейших городов в мире и большой морской п Население Лондона около 8 млн человек. Лок делится на много частей. Но самые важные части Сити, Вест Энд, Ист Энд, Вестминстер. Сити-старейшая часть Лондона. Она очень маленькая, но финансовый и деловой центр страны. Вестминстер-административный центр Лондона. Палаты парламе находятся здесь. Вест Энд- самая богатая часть Лондс Лучшие кинотеатры, театры, концертные за гостиницы находятся здесь. Ист Энд- самая бедная ча Лондона. Здесь много фабрик и заводов. Порт и д находятся в этой части Лондона. Рабочие люди жи тут.

1. After the age ofl 1 most children go to comprehensive schools where they can get secondary education.

2. At 7 children go on from the infant school to the junior school, this marks the transition from play to real work.

3. At infants schools reading, writing and arithmetic are taught for about 20 minutes a day during the first year, gradually increasing to about 2 hours in their last year.

4. At the age of 5 children start primary school which is divided into two parts - infants and juniors.

5. At junior schools children have set periods of arithmetic, reading, composition, History, Geography, Nature Study, Art and Music, Physical Education and Sv/imming.

6. By the time children are ready for the junior school they will be able to read and write, do simple addition and subtraction of numbers.,

7. In some areas of England there are nursery schools for children under 5 years of age.

8. Many children attend informal рге-school play-groups organized by parents in private homes.

9. Nursery schools are staffed with teachers and students in training.

10. Pupils are streamed according to their abilities to learn into А, В, С and
D streams, the least gifted are in the D stream.

UNIT 12. SECONDARY EDUCATION

Before reading

Say what you know about the secondary education in the United Kingdom. While reading

Find in the text the English equivalents to the Russian words andjjhrases.

1. About 90 per cent of all state-financed (средних)¹'¹ schools are
comprehensives. ПСЛ-hl

2. Children can also (получить) secondary education in grammar schools; _p

3. The idea of comprehensive schools, introduced in 1965, was (dami) all
children of what ever background the same opportunity, in education.

4. At 16 students in England and W^les, (сдают) GCSE examinations.

5. In 1988 these examinations (заменили) the GCE and O-levels which were usually passed by about 20 % of school students.

6. GCSE examinations may (вкЛючать) a final examination, and assessment of work done by the student during the two-year course, or both of these things.

7. At,18 some, students take A-level GCE examinations, usually in two or three (предметам): *~

8. It is necessary to have (экзамены на повышенном уровне) in order to go to a university or Polytechnic.

9. In.ScoUand students take the SCE examinations and a year later they can take (экзамены на" повышенном уровне) after which they can go straight to a university.

10. Secondary education in Northern.Ireland is organized along selective
lines according to children's (способностями)!^t;'

Secondary Education

Comprehensive Schools — Grammar Schools' — Secondary Modem Schools² — The Sixth Form 'No More Inequality? — Cuts on School Spending

After the age of 11, most children go to comprehensive schools of which the majority are for both boys and girls.

About 90 per cent of all state-financed secondary schools are of this type. Most other children receive secondary education³ in grammar and secondary modern schools.

Comprehensive schools were introduced in 1965. The idea of comprehensive education, supported by the Labour Party, was to give all children of whatever background the same opportunity in education.

At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE⁴ examinations. In 1988 these examinations replaced the GCE⁵ and O-levels⁶ which were usually passed by about 20 per cent of school students. GCSE examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects, and may involve a final examination, and assessment of work done by the student during the two-year course, or both of these things.

Some comprehensive schools, however, do not have enough academic courses for sixth-formers. Students can transfer either to a grammar school or to a sixth-form college⁷ to get the courses they want.

At 18 some students take A-level⁸ GCE examinations, usually in two or three subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or Polytechnic.

But some pupils want to stay on at school after taking their GCSE, to prepare for a vocational course or for work rather than for A-level examinations. Then they have to take the CPVE examination which means the Certificate of Pre-Vocational Education.

In Scotland students take the SCE examinations⁹. A year later, they can take examinations called Highers¹⁰ after which they can go straight to a university.

Secondary education in Northern Ireland is organized along selective lines according to children's abilities.

One can hardly say that high quality secondary education is provided for all in Britain. There is л \\ц\\\ loss of pupils from working-class families al entry into

If \(j\2. WALESy

Another constituent country of the UK of GB and N1 is Wales. The population of Wales is over 3 mln people. About 75% of the people of Wales live in towns and urban districts. The liv ing standards of people in Wales are lower than in England, the unemployment rate is higher. Wales is a highland country of old hard rocks. The pride of Wales is Showdonia, the region of high mountains. Snowdon is the highest moun tain in England and Wales. The capital of Wales is Cardiff- the largest city of Wales. It is an important industrial city and a port. It is also an administrative and educational centre. The] second largest city in Wales is Swansea where; mainly steel production can be found. Welsh people are fond of folk music, singing, poetry and drama. Welsh literature is one of the oldest! in Europe. There are many choirs in Wales, the standard of singing is high and the love of good music is widespread.

12 Уэльс

Другой составной частью Соединенной ролевства Великобритании и Северной ландии является Уэльс. Население Уэльс лее 3 млн человек. Около 75% наест Уэльса проживает в городах и городски стностях. Уровень жизни людей в Уэльс* же чем в Англии, уровень безработицы б высокий. Уэльс высокогорная страна, сое щая из старый твердых скал. Гордое Уэльса является Сноудония- регион выс< гор. Сноудон- самая высокая гора Анпн Уэльса. Столицей Уэльса является Карди самый крупный город Уэльса. Это важ промышленный центр и порт. Это также министративный и образовательный це] Второй по размеру город Уэльса- Суонси, в основном находится производство стг Уэльские люди любят народную музыку, ние, поэзию и драму. Уэльская литерат одна из старейших в Европе. В Уэльсе мн< хоров_: уровень пения высокий и распрост нена любовь к хорошей музыке.

7, CONSTITUTION

G3 doesn't have a written constitution. The educational system of GB has developed for over a hundred years. It is a complicated sys­tem with wide differences between the parts of the country. There is a big government control Dver what is taught in schools. Another hnpor-:ant feature of schooling in Britain is a variety:>f opportunities given to schoolchildren. The English ohool syllabus is divided into Arts and Sciences. Edu-ation in Britain is class-divided and selective. 93% of u'Idren go to state schools. The National Education

7. Конституция

Великобритания не имеет письменной koi ституции. Образовательная система Велик* британии развивалась в течении более 1С лет. Это сложная система с широкими разл^ чиями между частями страны. Существуе серьезный правительственный контроль на ем что изучается в школе. Другой важной осе бенностью обучения в школе в Британии эт разнообразие возможностей предлагаемых де тям. Английская школьная учебная програм ма делится на Гуманитарные и Естественно научные циклы. Образование в Британш классовое и выборочное. 93% всех детей по­сещают государственные школы. Акт о на­циональном образовании от 1944года предла­гает 3 ступени образования: начальное, соел

4rcK.Cl.ltif с

2. After 3 years of study a university (вьтускиик) will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, etc., later he may continue to take the Master's Degree and then the Doctor's Degree. ^.;

3. The two (интелл^ктуаЯ&Гьлх)'eyes of Britain - Oxford and Cambridge Universities - date from the 12th and 13th centuries.

4. The Scottish (униШр^ШётърШ St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh date from the 15th and 16th centuries.

5. In the 19th and the (начале} of the 20th centuries the so called Redbrick universities were founded in London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield and Bfrmingham.

<ei,- ■A:'^Duliae ^{the ,ate 60s} and ^еаг|У ^70s some 20 «new» universities (были учреждены) in Sussex, York, East Anglia and some others.

7. During thesp vears the Government set up 30 Polytechnics which, like the universities, (предлагает) first and higher degrees. •furf'jSpnw of those who decide to leave school at 16 may go to a (дальнейшего) education college where they can follow a course of typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, etc., full-time or part-time.,,,

9. The Open University founded in 1971 (предназначен)' 'for people who
study in their own free time.

10. Some 80.000 overseas, students study at British universities or further
education colleges or (практикуются) in nursing, law, banking or industry, j

Life at College and University

The Oldest Universities — University Degrees — Redbrick Universities' Polytechnics — Colleges of Education² — Further Education Colleges — The Open University³

The academic year in Britain's universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education is divided into three terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March, and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.

There are about one hundred universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol, Birmingham.

Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant⁴ from their local education authority.

English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, way of student life.

After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of

Bachelor of Arts³, Science Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take a Master's Degree⁶ and then a Doctor's Degree⁷. Research is an important feature of university work.

The two intellectual eyes of Britain—Oxford and Cambridge Universities— date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Scottish universities of St. Andrews⁸, Glasgow, Aberdeen⁹ and Edinburgh date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

In the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries the so-called Redbrick universities were founded. These include London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield¹⁰ and Birmingham. During the late sixties and early seventies some 20 'new' universities were set up. Sometimes they are called 'concrete and glass' universities. Among them are the universities of Sussex", York¹², East Anglia¹³ and some others.

During these years the Government set up thirty Polytechnics. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses¹⁴. Colleges of Education provide two-year courses in teacher education or sometimes three years if the graduate specializes in some particular subject.

Some of those who decide to leave school at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, 'full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.

There is an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It is intended for people who study in their own free time and who 'attend' lectures by watching television and listening to the radio. They keep\in touch by phone and letter with their tutors and attend summer schools. The Open University students have no formal qualifications and would be unable to enter ordinary universities.

Some 80,000 overseas students study at British universities or further education colleges or train in nursing, law, banking or in industry.

References

1. Redbrick universities — «Краснокиршпгаые» университеты {разговорное название университетов, появившихся в XI—начале XX вв.)

2.CoIlege of Education — педагогический колледж (трехгодичный педагогический институт; в 1965 г. такие колледжи получили статус университета)

З.Ореп University — Открытый университет, университет для всех (функционирует с 1971 г.)

4.grant — стипендия (обыкновенно выплачивается студентам из средств государственного бюджета или.местных органов власти)

5.Bachelor of Arts — бакалавр искусств (обладатель степени бакалавра по одной из гуманитарных или математических наук в

England

Of the four parts which make up great Britain- England is the largest, the most industrial and most densely populated part of the UK. Over 46 million people out of the population of the UK live in England. The coasts of England are washed by the north sea, the Irish sea, the English channel and the strait of Dover. Fishing is an important industry. The sea also has a great effect on England's climate. There are many rivers in England. The longest river is the Severn, the most important is the Thames. The rivers are of great importance for communication and especially for carrying goods. England is mostly a lowland country. The wool industry is centered in Leeds and Bradford, the cotton industry in Manchester.

Англия

часть Соединенной миллионов людей и: Королевства живут i омываются Северныи английским каналом i

Из 4x частей, которые составляют Великобританию Англия -самая большая самая промышленная i самая густо-заселенная королевства. Более 46 населения Соединенного Англии. Берега Англии морем, ирландским морем

Дуврским проливом. Рыболовство является важно]
отраслью промышленности. Море имеет огромно
влияние на климат Англии. В Англии много ре*
Самая длинная река - Северн, самая важная- Темзг
Реки имеют огромное значение для связи и особенн
для перевозки товаров. Англия в основно:
низменная страна. Производство шерст
скЪнцентрйровано в Лидзе и Бредфорд
производство хлопка в Манчестере. ______________

Scotland '

Scotland is divided into three regions: the highlands, the lowlands, the uplands. The uplands are the border between Scotland and England. The highlands of Scotland have the oldest mountains in the world! The highest point there is Ben Nevis.. There are many lakes in the highlands. The lowlands have the most of the population of Scotland.^The largest city of this part is Glasgow. It is an industrial centre. The main industries there are coal, iron, steel, heavy and light engineering. Scottish houses are grey of smoke.»The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the centre of working movement.

Шотландия

Шотландия делится на Хайлэндз, Лоулэндз
Аплэндз. Аплэндз является границей межх?
Шотландией и Англией. Хайлэндз в Шотландк
имеют старейшие в мире горы. Самой высокс
точкой там Бен Невис.В Хайлэнде много озе
Основная часть населения Шотландии проживает
Лоулэнде. Крупнейшим городом этой част
является Глазго. Это промышленный цент
Основными отраслями промышленности являют
уголь, железо, сталь, тяжелая и легкая инженера
Шотландские дома серые от дыма. Столиц
Шотландии является Эдинбург. Эдинбург являет
центром рабочего движения. ___________________

- Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is the smallest part of the UK. It occupies the one-sixth of the island of Ireland. Its capital city is Belfast. It is a leading industrial centre and a large port. Ireland was a colony of Britain for seven centuries. N1 is the greenest Ireland. The Atlantic ocean makes the island look so beautiful. The rivers of Ireland are short. The largest river is the Shannon. The population of N1 is one and a half million people. Most of the population lives in towns. The main industries there are agriculture, textiles and shipbuilding. -

Северная Ирландия

Северная Ирландия - самая маленькая час соединенного королевства. Она занимает 1/6 час острова Ирландия. Ее столицей является гор Белфаст. Это ведущий промышленный центр большой порт. Ирландия была колонией Британш течение 7 веков. Северная Ирландия самый зелен] остров. Атлантический океан делает остров так красивым. Реки Ирландии короткие. Самая круш река Шеннон. Население Северной Ирландии миллиона человек. Большая часть населег проживает в городах. Основными отрасля промышленности являются сельское хозяйст текстильное производство и судостроение.

Public schools

About 5% of children are educated in public schools. These are the schools for the privileged. Most of them single-sex. About half of them are for girls. The schools, such as Eton, Harrow are famous for their good academic background. _vThe fees are high and only very rich families can pay so much. Public schools educate the ruling class of England. Public schools are free from state control. They are independent. Most of them are boarding schools. The education there is of a high quality; the discipline is very strict. These schools accept pupils from the preparatory schools at about 11-13 years of age. At 18: most public school-leavers enter the universities.

Oxbridge

Oxford and Cambridge are the most prestigious universities in Great Britain. They are often called Oxbridge to denote an elitarian education. Both universities are independent. Only very rich and aristocratic families can send their sons to these universities. The tutorial is the basic mode of instruction at Oxford and Cambridge. The normal length" of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts. Oxford and Cambridge use Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress is worn at examinations. Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe. The Cambridge University started during the 13^th century. Now there are more than thirty colleges. All colleges are now mixed. The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs.

Частные школы

Около 5 % детей обучаются в частных школах. Эти школы для привилегерованных. Большинство из них - школы раздельного j обучения. Около половины из них-для j девочек. Такие школы как Итон, Харроу

j

известны своими хорошими академическими основами. Плата- высокая и только очень богатые семьи могут заплатить так много. | Частные школы. дают образование i

правящему классу Англии. Частные школы j

I

свободны от государственного контроля. I Они независимы. Большинство из них школы-интернаты. Образование там высокого качества, дисциплина очень | строгая. Эти школы принимают учеников из ] подготовительных школ в возрасте 11-13 лет. В 18 лет большинство выпускников частных школ поступают в университеты.

Оксбридж

Оксфорд и Кембридж являются самыми
престижными университетами в Великобритании.;
Их часто называю Оксбридж чтобы обозначить
элитарное образование. Оба университета
независимые. Только очень богатые и
аристократические семьи могут отправить своих
сыновей в эти университеты. Консультация является |
основным методом обучения в Оксфорде и
Кембридже. Обычная длительность курса обучения j
- три года, после которых студенты получают
степень бакалавра искусств. Оксфорд и Кембридж |
используют Латинский язык на церемониях
вручения степеней. Парадная одежда одевается на \
экзамены. Оксфорд и Кембридж состоят из i
большого количества колледжей. Оксфорд - один из \
старейших университетов в Европе. Кембридж был
открыт в 13 веке. Сейчас там более 30 колледжей.
Все колледжи сейчас смешанные. Эти университеты
имеют более сотни обществ и клубов. ______________

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