Letters are written every day.

Passive voice

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	To be (am, is, are) + Ved(3)	To be (was, were) + Ved(3)	Will be + Ved(3)
Letters are written every day.	The letter was written yesterday.	The letter will be written tomorrow.
Continuous	To be (am, is, are) + being + Ved(3)	To be (was, were) + being + Ved(3)
The letter is being written now.	The letter was being written yesterday.
Perfect	Have/has been + Ved(3)	Had been + Ved(3)	Will have been + Ved(3)
The letter has already been written.	The letter had been written by 5 o’clock yesterday.	The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

Reported speech

Direct speech	Indirect speech	Tense change
	He said (that)….
“I want to buy it”	He wanted to buy it.	Pres Simple → Past Simple
“I’ m writing a letter”	He was writing a letter	Pres Cont → Past Cont
“I’ ve come to mend your car”	He had come to mend my car	Pres Perfect → Past Perfect
“I saw your brother”	He had seen my brother He saw my brother	Past Simple →Past Perfect (but, we need not change the tense if the order of events is clear)
“I was trying to do it”	He had been trying to do that	Past Cont → Past Perfect Cont
“I will help you”	He would help me	Will → would
“I can do it”	He could do it	Can → could
“I may do it”	He might do it	May → might
“I must go”	He had to go	Must → had to

Changes to time words

Direct speech	Reported speech
Here	There
ago	Before
Before	Earlier
Last week	The week before
Next week	The next week/the week after/the following week
Now	Then/ that day/at the moment
This	That/the
These	Those/the
That	That/ the
This morning	That morning
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day/the following day
Tonight	That night
Yesterday	The day before/ the previous day

Yes/No Questions (we use If/Whether)

e.g. “Are you happy here?” - she asked. → She asked me if/whether I was happy there

Wh-questions

When we report Wh-questions we use the wh-word: who, where, why, what, etc or how, how far, how long, etc.

e.g. “Who built this castle?”- she wanted to know. → she wanted to know who had built that castle.

Commands / requests

(we often use the pattern ask, etc smb to do smth)

e.g. “Wake me up early Dad!” – Jim said. → Jim told his dad to wake him up early.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04