Ohio State University FactSheet

Ohio State University FactSheet

Department of Horticulture and Crop Science

2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1044

Winter Rye for Extending the Grazing Season

AGF-026-00

David H. Samples

Extension Agent, Agriculture & Natural Resources,Jackson County

R. Mark Sule

Associate Professor and Extension Forage Agronomist

Synopsis

Grazing rye and other winter annuals provides a high-quality forage alternative to traditional winter-feeding programs that rely heavily on stored forages. Rye varieties developed for high forage yield allow valuable grazing time in late fall and early winter and again in early spring. Rye pastures in combination with stockpiled perennial pastures can reduce reliance on high-cost stored feeds. The time of rye seeding, variety selection, site selection, and grazing management are critically important for successful implementation of this program. Use of winter rye is most appropriate for classes of livestock with high nutritional needs. Top-grazing rye in late fall and early winter and rotationally grazing in early spring offer the greatest advantages.

Introduction

Livestock farms in the Midwestern United States generally have excess available pasture for grazing three months of the year, moderate amounts for another five months, and a deficit the remaining four months. The available pasture deficit is usually overcome with the use of conserved (stored) feed, primarily in the form of hay; however, the cost associated with use of conserved feed usually comprises a substantial share of the total livestock-enterprise expense. Extending the grazing season can reduce reliance on costly stored forages and improve the profitability of livestock operations.

Winter rye is a cool-season, annual cereal grain that can be used to extend the grazing season. It can provide high-quality forage in late fall/early winter (about 80 days after seeding and again in the following spring). Rye is the most winter-hardy cereal crop and the first to break dormancy in the spring. Rye is easy to establish and is characterized as being the best cereal for absorbing unused soil nitrogen. This fact sheet outlines management practices to maximize the return from winter rye in extending the grazing season.

Site Selection

Selecting the right field is very important if you are planning to graze rye in late fall and again the following spring. Well-drained soils and good management are especially important when conventional tillage is used. Good drainage is important to allow good footing for grazing livestock during late fall and early spring, which are typically higher rainfall periods. It is also very important to consider the whole farm system when selecting sites. Planting rye in fields coming out of other annual crops provides a good opportunity for gaining additional grazing acreage. While rye may be established into sod and used as part of a pasture-renovation process, careful consideration must be given to the cost and the means for renovating or returning that acreage to productive forage production after the rye crop.

Rye grows best on fertile, light-loamy or sandy soils. Most rye varieties will be more productive than other small-grain species on heavy clay, poorly drained, or acidic soils (pH 5.0-6.0) that are generally low in fertility. But to achieve good production, maintain soil tests at or above the following levels: pH of 6.0, 25 ppm of phosphorus (Bray P1), and potassium at 75 ppm plus 2.5

times the CEC (cation exchange capacity). Yield reductions can be expected if soil tests fall below these levels. At these critical soil-test levels, fertilizer applications equal to crop removal of phosphorus and potasium will be needed to maintain yields. Nutrient removal for small grain forage ranges from 20-25 pounds of P2O5 and 75-90 pounds K2O per ton of dry matter removed, depending on the growth stage when removal occurs. Nutrient removal will be approximately 20% of those values when the rye is grazed (80% of nutrients are returned in animal urine and manure). With good management and early seeding, rye can produce as much as 2.5-3 tons of dry matter per acre combined over the late fall and spring grazing periods. Thus, the highest maintenance fertilizer applications based on crop removal of grazed rye will range from 13-18 pounds of P2O5 per acre and 35-50 pounds of K2O per acre.

Since rye is a tremendous scavenger of nitrogen (N), little, if any, fertilizer N will be needed on fields where high levels of fertility have been maintained. In fields where little or no N has been applied or where crop removal has depleted soil N levels, application rates of 40-50 pounds of actual N per acre will stimulate growth and produce desirable yields.

Variety Selection

In recent years, plant breeders have developed rye varieties with greater forage-production potential. Replicated trials in Jackson County, Ohio, demonstrated significant differences in forage yield among rye varieties (Table 1). Some varieties produced more fall growth while others produced more spring growth relative to other varieties (Figs. 1 and 2). Therefore, variety selection can be used as a tool to help match forage production to when it is most needed. In the Ohio trials the varieties with the greatest fall growth were Pastar, Wheeler, Oklon, Winter King, and Aroostook. The varieties Elbon, Aroostook, Oklon, and Winter King had the most early-spring growth. Although there were some differences among varieties in crude-protein (CP) and neutral-detergent-fiber (NDF) content, all varieties produced high-quality forage in December and when harvested in a timely manner in late March. The May 1996 harvest demonstrates how forage quality declines with the rapid onset of maturity when rye is not harvested or grazed in a timely manner in the spring.

Of the varieties included in two or more trials, Aroostook, Winter King, and Pastar performed above average. Aroostook was developed in the New England area, Winter King in Kentucky, and Pastar in South Dakota. Elbon, Oklon, and Maton were developed at the Noble Foundation in Oklahoma and are a part of their seed stocks and are available on a limited basis. All varieties tested have the capability of producing high yields of excellent-quality forage. Since availability of seed varies, locate and secure seed well in advance of the planned seeding date.

Establishment Methods

Rye can be established by drilling into conventionally tilled fields or with minimum tillage following corn, tobacco, or other crops. With adequate moisture, rye can be no-tilled into existing sod, although this can be risky during hot and dry periods. When no-tilling into sod, burn-down existing vegetation with recommended rates of Gromoxone Extra or Roundup. Direct drilling will give the best stand establishment, but in emergency situations rye can be overseeded by air before leaf drop in soybeans or prior to corn being harvested for grain. Broadcast seeding, alone or with fertilizer, following the removal of summer annual crops may also be successful.

In all seeding situations, there must be some coverage of the seed to provide protection and good seed to soil contact. This can be accomplished with a drill, or with shallow disking or dragging when seed is broadcast. When overseeding into standing row crops, the leaf litter normally fulfills this requirement for seed coverage. Attention must be given to potential herbicide

carryover or recrop restrictions from previous herbicide applications to the field. For more information refer to the current Weed Control Guide for Ohio Field Crops, (Bulletin 789) and current herbicide labels. Rye demonstrates tolerance to the triazine herbicides.

Seeding Rates

Recommended seeding rates vary depending on establishment method. Drilling into tilled soil will require 60-110 pounds of seed per acre. When no-tilling into an existing sod, rates should range between 90-120 pounds per acre. When broadcasting or seeding by air, rates as high as 150 pounds per acre may be needed for a suitable stand.

Seeding Dates

Seeding date will have a major impact on when rye can be grazed. If the goal is to graze in late fall or early winter, seeding should be completed by late August or early September in Northern Ohio, and by mid-September in Southern Ohio. Rye seeded in late September in Southern Ohio yielded 2,000 pounds of dry matter per acre or more when harvested 80 days later (Table 1). Seeding can be delayed if fall grazing is not needed or is not possible due to poor soil drainage or other conditions. In general, seeding should be completed by October 15 in Northern Ohio and by October 20 in Southern Ohio.

Rye in the Grazing Program

Fall growth can be limited by dry and cold conditions. With good moisture, rye will grow until air temperature drops to 39°F. In late fall, begin grazing when 6 inches of growth is available. Remove livestock when 3-4 inches of growth remain, to maintain sufficient leaf area for continued growth and recovery. In a wet fall, grazing on poorly drained soils can result in crown damage, stand loss, and reduced spring growth. Managed rotational grazing is important for maintaining a healthy stand into late winter and early spring. Rotational or strip grazing will also greatly improve utilization efficiency of the available rye forage.

Spring grazing can be a challenge depending on the site, soil conditions, and the weather. Rye is the earliest of the small grains to break dormancy and thus allows very early spring grazing before cool-season pasture grasses have significant growth. Normally it is fairly wet at that time, and problems can develop with livestock cutting up the field. A rotational grazing system should be developed so livestock are not on the rye paddock for an extended period of time–this will allow several rotations of livestock through the paddocks during the spring. Stocking density must be aggressive in the spring to prevent the rapidly growing rye and other cereals from becoming overly mature.

Along with the high yield potential and early-spring grazing that winter rye can offer, producers need to consider the forage quality characteristics of rye. High-quality grasses have >18% crude protein (CP), < 35% acid detergent fiber (ADF), and < 55% neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The ADF and NDF values are indicators of the digestibility and the potential intake of the forage. In Ohio studies, CP levels of rye were as high as 34%, ADF values as low as 17%, and NDF values as low as 28%. When rye is grazed in the vegetative stage, it is highly digestible and intake is not limited, making it more suitable for livestock with high nutritional needs. Supplementing rye pastures with forages having higher levels of fiber (either harvested or standing) may be desirable to slow the rate of passage through the gut and improve nitrogen utilization by the animal.

Lab analysis of forage samples from Ohio studies indicated that the mineral content was within acceptable limits. However, when grazing lactating cows on lush rye forage, precautions should be taken to prevent the occurrence of grass tetany because of a high potassium-to-magnesium ratio in the forage. The level of magnesium in rye forage is not high enough to be absorbed at the necessary level and must be supplemented.

In a rye-grazing demonstration conducted at the Southern Branch OARDC at Ripley in Southern Ohio, 25 beef steers (average weight 723 pounds) rotationally grazed 10 acres of stockpiled winter rye/fescue pasture for 46 days beginning on March 22. The calves had an average daily gain of 1.26 pounds the previous 40 days on stockpiled tall fescue, supplemented with six pounds of grain per head per day. The average daily gain for all steers on the winter rye/fescue pasture was 2.43 pounds per head with a range of 1.39 pounds to 3.48 pounds per head per day. The average exit weight of the steers was 859 pounds with a range of 732-972 pounds. Although this was not a replicated study, producers have observed similar results with feeder cattle, feeder lambs, or other animals having high nutritional requirements when winter-rye grazing was part of their forage program.

A second demonstration was conducted at the EORDC at Belle Valley in Eastern Ohio. The cereal rye variety Aroostook was established on September 10 by broadcasting 112 pounds of seed on one acre onto disked soil. The field was then cultipacked. When the rye emerged, nitrogen was applied at 50 pounds per acre as ammonium nitrate. Seventy-four days later, 22 crossbred ewe lambs were introduced to the rye and were rotationally grazed for 30 days. The rye strips were constructed with three strands of poly-tape electric fence and step-in posts. The following spring, rye growth was again grazed May 1-3 with 40 head of heifers, average weight 896 lbs. These heifers were provided free access to the entire paddock. In the fall, the ewes consumed 1,980 lbs. of dry matter per acre. In the spring, the heifers consumed 2,670 lbs. of dry matter per acre. The cost per ton of dry matter consumed was $38.70 (not including fencing and labor).

Bibliography

Managing Cover Crops Profitably. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Handbook Series Book 3, Second Edition.

Ohio Agronomy Guide. Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 473, 13th Edition.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the following individuals for their contributions in helping expand our knowledge and experience of rye grazing in Ohio: Milt Call and Bob Spurlock for providing sites for the rye variety trials in Jackson County; Gene Balthaser and staff at Jackson Branch OARDC for help with plot establishment; John Grimes (Highland County Ohio State University Extension), Phil Dotson, and staff for the information from the rye grazing demonstration at Southern Branch OARDC; and Clif Little (Guernsey County Ohio State University Extension), Wayne Shriver, and staff for information from the rye grazing trial at EORDC. The authors also thank Dr. Dave Barker and Dr. Jim Beuerlein, (Horticulture & Crop Science, OSU) for reviewing the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions.

http://ohioline.osu.edu/agf-fact/0026.html

Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet

Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences

2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1086

Converting CRP Land to Cropland or Pasture/Hayland:

Agronomic and Weed Control Considerations

AGF-024

Mark M. Loux

R. Mark Sulc

Peter Thomison

James E. Beuerlein

Jay Johnson

Norman Widman

There are 346,050 acres of Ohio farmland enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). As contracts approach their expiration date, participants are faced with the decision of what to do with the CRP acres. Many factors must be evaluated in making this decision. but anyone wishing to participate in other USDA programs must meet Conservation Compliance provisions. Agricultural commodities cannot be produced on highly erodible land (HEL) unless soil erosion prevention measures are initiated or installed that maintain soil loss to USDA acceptable standards. Maintaining CRP cover and using it for pasture or hay production would most likely meet the Conservation Compliance demands. Breaking out of CRP cover would necessitate in most cases installation of waterways or other measures such as residue management. These measures would probably need to be initiated prior to the actual planting of an agricultural commodity. Contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) for assistance in the decision of what to do with CRP acres as the contract nears its expiration date. If converting to pasture. fencing and water supplies may need to be developed. Your Ohio State University Extension county office and NRCS can be of assistance in the planning process. This factsheet outlines agronomic and weed control considerations in preparing CRP land for cropland or pasture/ hayland use.

Evaluate Condition of CRP Land

The first step in concerting CRP land to cropland or pasture or hayland use is to take stock of the condition or the CRP cover. Consider the following

What is the general condition of the sward? Are there large clumps of grass? Is there a heavy mulch/thatch cover or has the vegetation been kept younger by occasional mowing with less mulch/thatch accumulation?

What weed species are present, and how prevalent are they?

What forage species are present? In particular, are legumes present and in what density?

The condition of the forage stand will determine what steps need to be taken in converting CRP acres to cropland or for pasture and hayland use. The following are suggested management practices based on the general condition of the forage cover.

Converting CRP to Cropland

Agronomic Considerations

Fields that have been mowed annually may be suitable for no till mulch till, or conventional tillage production. The major concerns in these fields will be control of the grass or legume cover and any perennial weeds that are present. Fields that have not been mowed annually may have clumps of grass and brushy weeds that will make conservation tillage crop production difficult. Where necessary, consider plowing to make land more suitable for crop planting. If the land is highly erodible, consult with the NRCS prior to plowing. If the field is not plowed. regular mowing in the summer before a crop is planted will eliminate ground cover for rodents (mowing may also make it easier to plow).

No-till cropping into CRP acreage will be similar in some respects to no-till planting into sod. Careful planter adjustment and operation will be needed to ensure good seed placement and emergence in fields with uneven heavy residue cover. As with no-till crop production, heavy residue on the surface will lower soil temperatures and slow driving. It may be advisable to use row cleaners on planters, especially if residue is heavy or the field is not well drained. Where an early preplant herbicide has been applied, row cleaners should be set to move residue only with minimal soil disturbance. At least one significant rainfall event should occur between herbicide application and planting, to avoid moving herbicide with the residue where row cleaners are used. Delaying herbicide application and the killing of vegetative cover in the spring may help reduce soil moisture on poorly drained ground and improve crop emergence.

Choosing a Crop

Choosing between corn and seybeans depends upon the field characteristics. Advantages of planting corn include: 1) corn can take advantage of available nitrogen (N); 2) using high rates of triazines in a field may help in bumdown of vegetation and control of annual broadleaf weeds: 3) using Banvel/Clarity, 2,4-D, Stinger, Accent, Beacon, or combinations of these herbicides can help in management of perennial broadleaf weeds; and 4) it is easier to apply soil insecticide using a corn planter compared to planting soybeans with a drill.

Advantages of planting soybeans: 1) planting can be delayed with less impact on yield, allowing more effective control of vegetative cover, and 2) postemergence grass herbicides can help manage perennial grasses that are not killed the previous fall.

Corn hybrids and soybean varieties that perform well under stress conditions would be good choices for some CRP ground. If corn planting is likely to be delayed, a short to mid season hybrid maturity may be most appropriate.

Soil Fertility

Much of the CRP ground has been in grass sod for the past several years. Fertilizer recommendations based on soil samples from CRP acreage previously in sod may need to be adjusted downward to account for the contribution of various nutrients derived from the sod. Soil test levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are open very low in grassy, meadow-like fields (which have been characterized by long term sod growth). Following the hilling of vegetation with herbicides or tillage, the root and top growth will begin to decay and release P and K. These nutrients will likely be available to the crop after it is planted. As a result, little or no yield response can be expected from the use of P and K fertilizer the first year after sod, especially if there is a good, uniform sod cover and the P and K levels of the soil were not marginal when the field was initially placed into CRP. Therefore, fertilizer application during the first year probably should be based on likely crop removal rates, not by what is indicated for application in the soil test. Residual P and K from the killed sod will be largely depleted during the first year of crop production. Therefore, it is advisable to take another soil test at the end of the first vear so that the fertilizer needs can be established for the second year of cropping. The potential nitrogen (N) contribution from a good grass and a forage legume cover should also be considered. Up to 50 to 80 lbs of residual soil N/acre may be available when planting into grass/legume sods.

Weed Control

Fields that have not been mowed on a yearly basis may have a dense population of difficult to control perennial broadleaf weeds and brushy plants. Fields that have been mowed once or twice a year may still have a number of perennial broadleaf weeds, such as Canada thistle. These weeds are most effectively controlled when in the bud to bloom stage, or as late in the fall as possible before a hard freeze, when systemic herbicides such as Roundup, Banvel, and 2,4-D can move into the root system. If brushy weeds are present. including multiflora rose, spot-treat these in the late spring through early fall when actively growing and fully leafed out, or treat the previous winter with a basal bark dormant application. Multiflora rose is more easily controlled with early summer applications, while other brushy species mav be more easily controlled in the fall. Moldboard plowing helps considerably in the control of many perennial and brushy weeds, but must be carefully used in some fields. Where herbicides are foliar-applied in the fall, do not plow or disk for at least seven days after application.

Fall is also the best time to apply Roundup. Banvel, and/or 2,4-D to kill perennial grasses or legumes in the field. The field can be mowed once in early summer, but this should be done early enough in the summer to allow regrowth of perennial weeds and grass covers (no later than early July) Mowing prior to August 1 may require an exemption from the CFSA-check with your local office. Roundup is the best option to kill perennial grass covers, and grasses should be at least 12 inches tall and actively growing in the fall for best results. Otherwise. apply as late in the fall as possible before a hard freeze. For fall application, a Roundup rate of at least 1 1/2 quarts per acre may be necessary in some CRP fields due to the dense grass stand. Banvel and/or 2,4-D will usually provide good control of a legume cover, but will not control grasses. Roundup plus 2,4-D is effective for a mixed grass legume stand. The following spring, prior to crop planting, an application of Roundup, Banvel, and/or 2,4-D may be necessary to kill any remaining grass or legume cover, as well as other emerged weeds. Note: Applying these herbicides in the spring to achieve complete control of perennial weeds and grass or legume covers is not recommended. Perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds are extremely difficult to kill in the spring, and a herbicide application the previous fall is strongly recommended If herbicide is applied in the spnng to kill a grass cover that was not treated the previous fall, delay application until grasses are 8 inches tall, and apply at least 2 quarts/A of Roundup (plus 1 quart/A of 2,4-D if legumes are also present). Spring control of grasses will be most effective where the Roundup is followed with atrazine/Badex treatments in corn. Do not plant soybeans in a field where clover or alfalfa has not been completely killed, because legumes are not controlled by postemergence soybean herbicides.

Expect high populations of giant foxtail in fields that are converted from CRP to crop production. A more effective approach to high foxtail populations is to use a postemergence herbicide to control grasses that escape preplant treatments. An economical approach to foxtail control in soybeans might include a preplant application of Prowl, Canopy, or Scepter to suppress or control grasses, followed by a postemergence herbicide such as Select, Assure, Fusion, or Poast Plus to control later emerging foxtail plants. Postemergence options for grass control in corn include Accent or the use of Poast Plus on one of the new SRC (sethoxydim-resistant) corn hybrids.

Converting CRP to Pasture/Hayland

CRP acres have tremendous potential for being used in forage/livestock production If annual mowing has been practiced, thatch build-up is probably not severe. Such fields are likely to have fewer serious weed problems. Fields that have been mowed on a regular basis will be easier to convert into productive, high-quality forage stands than where mowing has not been practiced and forage growth is rank with large clumps, excessive thatch buildup, and difficult to control weeds are present.

Agronomic Considerations for Pasture/Hayland

During the final year of the contract, practice spot mowing where noxious weeds are present. Mow on a monthly basis after August 1. Regular mewing is especially critical for fields with excessive thatch buildup and rank, clumpy vegetation. If a fall herbicide application is planned for control of perennial weeds, do not mow later train early July, as discussed above.

If the primary cover is warm-season perennial grasses, do not mow shorter than 6 to 8 inches, and do not mow between September 1 and a killing frost.

If converting to hayland, mow or graze one last time after a killing frost to reduce the amount of dead stubble in next year's hay crop. Make hay on a regular basis the next year.

If converting to pasture, mow the stand after August 1 and allow the forage to regrow until mid-October to November for late fall or winter grazing. It may be beneficial to mow some fields a second time in early September if growth was excessively rank and clumpy. Grazing is allowed after September 30 in the year the CRP contract expires. Graze the following year as a normal pasture. Rotational grazing management will dramatically improve the quality and condition of the pasture.

Consider interseeding legumes in the spring following CRP contract expiration. Legumes effectively eliminate the need for nitrogen fertilization. improve nutritive value of the forage, and increase animal performance. Contact your county Extension or NRCS office for information on how to successfully introduce legumes into a grass stand.

Soil Fertility far Pasture/Hayland

Take a soil test to determine nutrient status of the soil coming out of CRP. As discussed above for row crops, phosphorus and potassium application during the first year of production should probably be based on likely crop removal rates. Each ton of tall grass or legume removes 13 pounds of P205 and 50 pounds of K2O. Forages may be topdressed with phosphorus and potassium at any time of the year. Soil conditions are frequently most conducive to fertilizer applications immediately after the burst cutting and/or in late summer or early fall. It is advisable to take another soil test at the end of the first cropping year to determine fertilizer needs for the second and subsequent productions years. Nutrients should cycle naturally in a well-managed pasture through nitrogen fixation from legumes (if present) and livestock excrement. The distribution of recycled nutrients through grazing animals is dramatically affected by grazing management. An assessment of uniformity of animal manuring across the pasture should be made before crediting the returned nutrients to the entire pasture acreage.

Nitrogen should be applied where legumes are less than 30% of the stand. Economic returns are usually obtained with 150 to 175 pounds of N per acre split three times during the year. Legumes can be interseeded or frost seeded into grass pastures to reduce or eliminate the need for fertilizer

Weed Control for Pasture/Hayland

If converting to hayland and problem weeds are present. follow the same guidelines provided previously relative to control of perennial and brushy weeds. Apply Banvel, 2,4-D, Stinger, Crossbow, or Ally depending upon the weeds present. These herbicides are labeled for grass stands. For stands where good densities of desirable legumes are present, the only herbicide option that will not eliminate them is Sencor/Lexone applied in late fall or early spring when plants are dormant. Roundup can also be applied as a spot treatment when plants are actively growing but will injure or kill the desirable grasses and legumes.

Managed grazing can effectively control many weed species, so a herbicide program may not be needed if converting to pasture use. However, if difficult to control perennial and brushy weeds are present, follow the same guidelines provided above.

Herbicide Treatments for Specific Weeds and Covers

Note: All Roundup rates are for fall application in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre with 0.5% nonionic surfactant plus 17 lbs per acre of ammonium sulfate. Control of perennial grasses with spring herbicide applications alone is difficult and not recommended. Where a spring application is planned, apply at least 2 quarts/A of Roundup (plus 1 quart/A of 2,4-D if legumes are present) when grasses are more than 8 inches tall, and follow with atrazine/Bladex treatments in corn.

Covers (controlling prior to cropping)

Bromegrass- Apply Roundup at 2 quarts per acre in the fall when grasses are actively growing and are at least 12 inches tall, or as late in the fall as possible before a hard freeze.

Orchardgrass- Where corn will be planted, apply Roundup at 1 to 1 1/2 quarts per acre in the fall when orchardgrass is at least 6 inches tall. Application of atrazine in the spring will be necessary for complete control. Where atrazine will not be used in the spring, apply Roundup at 2 quarts per acre in the fall when grasses are actively growing and are least 12 inches tall, oras late in the fall as possible before a hard freeze.

Tall fescue- Apply Roundup at 1 to 1 1/2 quarts per acre (higher rates for more dense grass stands) in the fall when plants are actively growing with 6 to 12 inches of new growth. A follow-up treatment in fall or spring of an additional 1 pint per acre may be necessary for complete control.

Timothy- Apply Roundup at 1 to 1 1/2 quarts per acre (higher rates for more dense grass stands) in the fall when timothy is actively growing and at least 12 inches tall, or as late in the fall as possible before a hard freeze.

Alfalfa- Allow regrowth of 6 to 8 inches following cutting before herbicide application. Apply one of the following treatments in the fall: Banvel (1/2 pint/A) + 2,4-D (1 pint/A); or Roundup (1 quart/A) + 2,4-D (1 pint/A): or Roundup (1 quart/A) + Banvel (1/2 pint/A).

Clover- More easily killed than alfalfa. A spring application of atrazine + Bladex or Extrazine II may be sufficient where corn will be planted. The addition of 2,4-D or Banvel/Clarity can improve control. Planting soybeans into a legume cover is not recommended. Any of the following treatments should be effective in the fall: 2,4-D ester (1 quart/A); or Banvel (1/2 pint/A) + 2,4-D (1 pint/A); or Roundup(1 quart/A) + 2,4-D (1 pint/A); or Roundup (1 quart/A) + Banvel (1/2 pint/A). Note: ladino clover is tolerant of 2,4-D, and will be more easily controlled with Banvel.

Perennial Weeds and Brush

Blackberry (briars)- Apply Roundup at 3 to 4 quarts per acre or as a spot treatment (1.5% solution) in late summer or fall when plants are fully leafed out. Apply as long as stems are green or until a killing frost.

Canada thistle- Where a crop will be planted the next spring, apply Roundup at 1 quart per acre in the fall when thistles are in the bud to bloom stage, or as late in the fall as possible before a hard freeze. Avoid tank-mixing with 2,4-D or Banvel unless other weeds are present that require this treatment. The most effective treatments in grass pasture include: Stinger (2 1/3 to 1 1/3 pint/A) when thistles are at least 4 inches tall and before the bud stage; or a spot treatment of Roundup (2% solution) when thistles are in the bud to bloom stage. Ally, 2,4-D, Banvel, or Crossbow will suppress Canada thistle, and are less effective than the previously listed products. but can be effective in combination with intensive mowing.

Dandelion- 2,4-D is more effective than Roundup or Banvel. Apply one of the following treatments in the fall: 2,4-D ester (1 quart/A); or Banvel (1/2 pint/A) + 2,4-D (1 pint/A); or Roundup (1 quart/A) + 2,4-D (1 pint/A).

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Дата добавления: 2015-11-04