Note also disposal:
Safe disposal of waste is important.
We have to send it to landfill.
A landfill site is a hole in the ground for rubbish.
... we're planning to build a new incineration plant next year...
An incineration plant is where rubbish is burnt.
... it's less harmful to the environment than landfill.
It doesn't damage the environment as much as landfill.
It's better for the environment than landfill.
... can you explain what it is exactly?
Note the word order.
Note: NOT Can you explain what is it?
... it's one of the main air pollutants.
Other major industrial air pollutants are sulphur dioxide (SO?), nitrogen dioxide (NO?) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Factories don't emit it directly into the air.
To emit means to release gases into the air. Note also emissions:
We need to reduce CO2 emissions.
... what damage does ozone do to the environment?
You could use harm for damage:
What harm does ozone do?
...it can cause smog, which can affect people’s health...
Smog is a mixture of fog and smoke, found in polluted industrial areas. Note there is no preposition after affect (vb). The noun is spelt: effect.
Are local factories allowed to discharge waste water into the lake?
Be allowed to is used here for permission: We're allowed to send some of our waste to landfill.
We're not allowed to use lead in our products.
... it must be treated in an effluent treatment plant first.
An effluent treatment plant is where liquid waste material (effluent) is cleaned up before being released.
Has your company been affected much by government legislation?
Legislation means laws:
New packaging legislation will be brought in next year.
...to meet tough government standards.
Tough here means difficult. You could also say strict. Meet here means to satisfy.
That product doesn't meet our requirements.
...we Ve had to cut down the amount of solvents we use...
Cut down here means the same as reduce. Note the use of we've had to to show that something is obligatory.
What happens if you exceed the limits?
Exceed the limits means to break the law or the rules by going over the permitted level.
British/American differences
British American
incineration plant incinerating plant
office-paper office-paper recycling
recycling scheme, p77 program (in American English scheme has the connotations of doing something bad or illegal).
send it to landfill send it to a landfill
Practice
Complete the sentences with are allowed to/aren't allowed to or have to.
example: We..V? reduce our CO2 emissions by 5 per cent by next year.
a Factories.............................. dump rubbish in the river. They can be fined if they do.
b Manufacturers........................................ follow strict environmental guidelines.
c The Governments sets strict limits on landfill. We............................. send only 50 per cent
of our waste to landfill sites. We.......................... recycle the rest.
d Paint producers.......................... use lead in their paint any more because it's a
health hazard.
e We.............................. exceed the permitted levels.
2 Match the two parts of the sentences.
1 You can be fined---------------- a
2 Our products minimise damage ' -b
3 Most plastics don't bio-degrade c
4 We're hoping to use more energy d
5 We can save energy e
by using a heat recovery process, for breaking pollution laws, to the environment, in the environment, from alternative sources.
3 Complete each sentence with a preposition or leave blank if no preposition is needed.
a We must get rid..................... our waste in an acceptable way.
b The new legislation will affect.................... everyone in the packaging industry.
c Is it harmful................... the environment?
d Safe disposal.................... toxic substances is very important.
e Ozone is not emitted.................. the atmosphere.
f Radiation from the sun can be converted...................... electricity.
g Incineration is better................... the environment than landfill.
h Our budget for environmental projects will have to increase.................. 10 per cent.
4 Complete the sentences with the correct verb.
example: When fossil fuels are burnt, they. off CO2. give/take/send
a We need to.................................. up our production process, dear/take/dean
b We are trying to........................... down the amount of packaging we use. put/cut/bring
c You can..... down plastic and make it into a different product, heat/cut/melt
d It's better to recycle glass bottles than to............................. them away, throw/put/take
e Most hamburger boxes don't.......................... down. in the environment, take/bring/break
f The EU will.............................. in new legislation next year, bring/put/call
recycling pollution environmentally disposable
environmental dispose racyetSffie pollutants
example: Most types of paper are.vrec.yd^b.le...
a There are six main air................................
b We are setting up an.................................. management system.
c We need to find a better way to............................... of our waste.
d It's an............................. friendly product
e We have an office-paper.............................. scheme in our company.
f.............................. is having an effect on the world climate.
g They manufacture cheap.............................. cigarette lighters.
6 Rearrange these words to form questions.
example: plastic/how/ be / can I recycled?
vgcycled?...............
a you / limits / happens / if / permitted / the / what / exceed?
b of / you / waste / how / products / your / dispose / do?
c VOCs/explain / are / can / you / what?
d affected / recent / your / been / by / company / much / legislation / has?
e you / of / what / sources / use / other / energy / do?
f ways / environmentally / products / are / in / your / what / friendly?
g does / ozone / environment / what / do / the / damage / to?
h heat I explain / is I recovery / what I could / you?
|
Across
1 C02.16,7) In)
4 A mixture of smoke and ozone. (4) (n)
5 They are found in paint and are bad for the environment. (8) (n)
6 What you may have to pay if you break a law. (4) (n)
8 A place where waste is put into a hole in the ground. (8,4) (n)
12 Able to break down naturally in the environment. (3,10) (adj)
14 Gases released into the atmosphere from a running engine. (7) (n)
17 Abbreviation for polyethylene. (2) (n)
18 Energy generated from fast running water. (5,11) (n)
Down
2 A gas which can cause problem for people with breathing difficulties. (5) (n)
3 Made dirty with chemicals, rubbish, etc. (8) (adj)
6 Coal, oil, etc. When burnt, they give off 1 across. (6,5) (n)
7 A method of disposing of waste by burning it. (12) (n)
9 Another word for waste. (7) (n)
10 In many countries petrol does not contain this any more. (4) (n)
11 Waste water. (8) (n)
13 To use again in a different process. (7) (v)
15 A technical term for 5 across. (4) (n)
16 To release into the atmosphere. (4) (v)
Word list
U refers to the Unit in the book. For example, U3 | Unit 3. |
| |
adhesive (n) | a substance used for sticking | coat (v) | to cover with a thin layer of |
U3 | surfaces together | U2 | something |
adjust (v) | to make a correction by | component (n) | a part |
U6, U7 | making a small change (e.g. to | U1,U6 |
|
| a machine setting) | condemn (v) | to decide officially that a |
aligned (adj) | brought into the correct | U5 | building is not safe for use |
U6 | position (in relation to another | construction (n) | the building of buildings. |
| object) | U1, U5 | roads, bridges, etc. |
apprentice (n) | a young person who is training | container (n) | a large metal box used for |
U1 | to learn a skill for a job | U5 | transporting goods |
assemble (v) | to put together | conveyor belt (n) | a series of metal rollers or a |
U1 |
| U2.UB | belt which move objects |
attachment (n) | (IT) a file sent with an email |
| around a factory |
U7 |
| corroded (adj) | eaten away by a chemical |
axle (n) | a rod connecting a pair of | U6 | such as strong acid or rust |
U3 | wheels | corrosion (n) | the damage caused when |
backup (n) | (IT) an extra copy of a | U6 | something has corroded (e.g. |
U6. U7 | computer file |
| rust) |
bandage (n) | a long piece of white cloth | courier (n) | a person who delivers an |
U8 | which you wrap around an | U4 | important document or parcel |
| injured part of the body | crash (v) | (ITI to suddenly fail/break |
bearings | part of a machine which | U7 | down |
U3, U7 | supports or holds another part | crate (n) | a large box used for carrying |
| which turns or moves | U3 | or storing things (usually made |
blade (n) | a flat piece of metal with a |
| of wood) |
U2, U7, U8 | sharp edge used for cutting | crew (n) | a team of workers |
bottleneck (n) | a blockage which prevents | U5 |
|
U2 | progress in production | cursor (n) | (IT) a flashing symbol which |
break down (v) | to stop working (a machine) | U7 | shows the position on a |
U4, U6 |
|
| computer screen |
cabling (n) | large bundles of wires which | cut out (v) | to suddenly stop working (e.g. |
U5 | carry electricity | U7 | a motor) |
calibrate (v) | to adjust something so that it | database (n) | (IT) information and facts |
U6 | measures accurately | U7 | stored in a computer |
canvas (n) | strong heavy cloth (often | delay (n) | an unexpected wait that |
U6 | made of cotton) | U5 | causes something to happen |
carry out (v) | to do (e.g. a repair, a test) |
| late |
U5, U6 |
| detergent (n) | a chemical powder or liquid |
casing (n) | a protective cover (e.g. of a | U9 | used for cleaning things |
U6 | machine or machine part) | diagnostic (adj) | used for discovering what is |
catering (n) | the supplying of food and drink | U6 | wrong with something that is |
U4 | on a large scale |
| not working properly |
civil engineer (ni a person who designs things | diameter (11) | the length of a straight line | |
U5 | like roads, bridges, public | U3 | drawn through the centre of |
| buildings, etc. |
| something round |
discharge (v) | to release a substance into |
U9 | water or the air |
dispatch (v) | to send |
U4 |
|
diversify (v) | to start producing new and |
U1 | different products |
domestic (adj) | the home country |
U1 |
|
dump (v) | to throw away (e.g. rubbish) |
U9 |
|
electrocute | to be killed or badly injured |
yourself (v) | after touching something |
U8 | which is directly connected to |
| a source of electricity |
exhaust gases/ | gases produced by running |
fumes (n) U9 | engines |
expand (v) | to become larger in si7e or |
U7 | amount |
extract (v) | to take something out of |
U2 | something |
feeder (n) | a machine or device which |
U2 | supplies something (e.g. a |
| part) to another machine |
filter (n) | a piece of equipment that you |
U2 | pass liquid or gas through to |
| remove particles |
fine (n) | money paid as a punishment |
U9 |
|
fire alarm (n) | a loud bell or buzzer that |
U8 | warns of a fire |
fire drill (11) | a practice of the evacuation |
U8 | procedure in a fire |
fire escape (n) | a metal staircase on the |
U8 | outside of a building or a route |
| which can be used to leave a |
| building safely in case of |
| emergency |
flash (v) | if a light flashes, it goes on |
U7 | and off repeatedly |
foreman (n) | a person who is responsible |
U1 | for a group of workers |
fork-lift truck (n) | a vehicle with two moveable |
U8 | arms at the front which are |
| placed under heavy objects to |
| lift them and transport them |
foundry (n) | a place where metal is melted |
U2 | and made into new objects |
fumes (n) | the unpleasant, unhealthy |
U8 | smoke produced by fires or chemicals |
fuse (n) | a electrical safety device |
U7 | consisting of a thin piece of wire which melts to stop the flow of electricity |
fuse- box (n) | a box containing the fuses for |
U7 | all the electrical circuits in a certain area |
gasket (n) | a flat piece of material put |
U6 | between two joined surfaces in a pipe or engine to prevent gas, oil, etc. escaping |
gatehouse (n) | a small building at the |
U2 | entrance to a factory site |
gauge (n) | an instrument that measures |
U6 | something |
gears (n) | a device (often consisting of |
U7 | wheels with teeth) for connecting the moving parts of a machine and which controls the speed and direction of movement |
generator (n) | a machine that produces |
U1 | electricity |
global warming (n) | the warming of the earth's |
U9 | atmosphere |
greenhouse | gases which cause the earth's |
gases (n) U9 | temperature to rise |
grinding (n) | making something smooth or |
U3 | sharp using friction |
guarantee | a written promise by a |
(n) (and v) | company to repair faults on |
U4 | something they have supplied |
| for a specified length of time |
hose(n) U3 | a flexible pipe |
icon (n) | (IT) a symbol on a computer |
U7 | screen that represents a program or a file |
inhale (v) U8 | to breathe in (take in air) |
insulation (n) | a thick, warm layer of a |
U9 | material which keeps in heat |
inventory (n) | a list of all the items in a |
U3 | particular place |
invoice (n) | a document listing goods or |
U4 | services supplied and the |
| money owed |
laptop (n) | (IT) a small personal computer |
U4 | that can be carried around |
lead (n) | Pb (chemical symbol) |
U9 |
|
leak (n) | an escape of liquid or gas, e.g. |
U7 | from a pipe |
light bulb (n) | the round glass part of a light |
U3 | through which the light shines |
live wire (n) | a wire directly connected to a |
U8 | source of electricity |
lubricant (n) | a substance such as oil |
U3 | applied to parts of a machine |
| to reduce friction |
lubricate (v) | to apply a lubricant |
U6 |
|
monitor (v) | to make regular checks on |
1)2 | progress |
naked flame (n) | an uncovered flame |
U8 |
|
offline (adj) | (IT) not connected to the |
U5 | Internet or a network |
on site (adj) | at the place (e.g. a factory) |
U4, U5, U6 | where a business is carried out |
oversee (v) | to make sure that something |
U5 | (e.g. a project) is done correctly |
pallet (n) | a wooden platform that goods |
U2, U8 | are packed on |
particle (n) | a very small piece |
U9 |
|
perish W) | if something such as rubber |
U6 | perishes, it starts to decay and |
| break into pieces |
plaster(n) | a small piece of sticky fabric |
U8 | used for covering small cuts |
| on the body |
pollutant (n) | a substance (e.g. a poisonous |
U9 | gas) which pollutes the |
| environment |
preventive (adj) | designed to stop something |
U6 | bad happening |
print head (n) | (IT) the part of a printer which |
U6 | holds the ink |
properly (adv) | in the correct way |
U6 |
|
pulp 111) | a very thick liquid made from |
U2 | crushed wood used to make |
| paper |
pump (n) | a machine which is used to |
U2, U6 | force a liquid or gas to flow in |
| a particular direction |
recruiting (n) | finding new employees |
U4 |
|
reel (n) | a cylinder around which things |
U2 | are wound |
refinery In) | a place where oil is processed |
U2 |
|
replace (v) | to put in something new to do |
U4, U6 | the same job |
replacement (n) | something or someone that |
U4, U6, U7 | takes the place of another |
| thing or person |
reservoir jn) | a natural or artificial lake used |
U3 | for storing water |
restore (v) | (IT) get back again (e.g. a file |
_U7 | or data) |
robot (n) | a machine which is |
U2 | programmed to perform |
| mechanical tasks |
rollers (n) | rotating cylinders in a machine |
U2, U6 |
|
rot (v) | to decay and break into pieces |
U6 | and become unusable |
routine (adj) | done on a regular basis as |
U6 | part of the normal procedure |
safety guard (n| | a device which covers a |
U8 | dangerous part of a machine |
sawing (n) | cutting something with a saw |
U3 | (a tool with a blade with sharp |
| teeth) |
schedule (n) (and v) | a plan with a list of things |
U5 | to be done and the times they |
| should be done |
seal |n) | something that closes an |
U6, U7 | opening tightly to stop air, gas or liquid getting in or out |
sensor (n) | an instrument which notices |
U6 | physical changes and gives information to a monitor |
server (n) | (IT) a computer used for |
U7 | storing and managing programs and data used by other computers |
shift (n) | a period of time (e.g. eight |
U1 | hours) when a group of people are working (can also mean the group of workers who |
| work on a shift) |
shop (n) | an area in a factory where |
U1 | things are made or done (e.g. the assembly shop, the repair shop) |
shut, shutdown | the period when a machine is |
(n) (and v) | not producing due to a |
U6 | breakdown or for maintenance |
slippery (adj) | difficult to walk on because |
U8 | the surface is wet, greasy, icy, etc. so you might fall |
snap off (v) | to suddenly break off and |
U7 | become separate |
software (n) | (IT) the programs that |
U5 | make a computer operate |
solvent (n) | a liquid that can dissolve other |
U2.U9 | substances |
spark (n) | a very small piece of burning |
U8 | material that flies up from a |
| burning object |
spillage |n) | liquid that has spilt li e. fallen |
U8 | from a container) |
splash (v) | if liquid splashes you, it hits |
U8 | you in small drops |
stationery (n) | items such as paper, pens and |
U7 | envelopes needed in an office |
supervisor (n) | a person who is responsible |
U1.U7.U8 | for a group of workers |
stock check (n) | the counting of all the goods in |
U3 | a shop, warehouse or stores to keep records up to date |
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