Special peculiarities, which influence human activity and behavior, are typical of every human being. Some people are hardworking, disciplined, modest, honest, daring, collectivists, but the others

2.1. CHARACTER

Special peculiarities, which influence human activity and behavior, are typical of every human being. Some people are hardworking, disciplined, modest, honest, daring, collectivists, but the others are lazy, boastful, unorganized, ambitious, self-confident, dishonest, selfish, cowardly. If these and other similar peculiarities are shown distinctly and permanently, they can form a personality typical style of social behavior. Such personality psychological peculiarities are called character traits. These traits characterize both the goals, a person is striving for, and the methods of achieving these goals. It is very important to know these traits, because personality is characterized not only by everything that he/she does, but also by the way of fulfilling it. The whole complex of such steady traits is called personality character.

So, character is a complex of steady psychological qualities of personality, which become apparent in person’s activity and social behavior, in one’s attitude towards labor, other people, surrounding reality and self.

Character is closely connected with temperament. As we know temperament is determined by hereditary inborn peculiarities of higher nervous activity (HNA). Character is formed in the process of human’s life under the influence of social conditions. Among the factors, which influence the forming of a character, a special role belongs to upbringing.

In character structure we can distinguish typical peculiarities and individual peculiarities.

Typical peculiarities

-respect to work; - diligence; - punctuality; -conscientious-ness; - discipline; -good organization.	- neglecting of work and collaborators.	- justice; - obligation; - generosity; - benevolence; - honesty; - adherence to principles.	-estrangement; - reticence; - envy; - miserliness; - disrespect to others; - boastfulness; - inclination to unfounded sarcasm or mockery.
Attitude towards labor	Attitude towards other people
Attitude towards objects and phenomena of reality	Attitude towards self
-accuracy; - frugality; - caring for nature.	- carelessness; - wastefulness; - irresponsible attitude to nature.	- self-respect; - self-discipline; - responsibility.	- immodesty; - careerism; - arrogance; - conceit.

Expressive features of character:

1) deeds and actions;

2) peculiarities of speech;

3) appearance.

Deeds and actions – conscious and deliberate actions give an idea about person’s character.

Peculiarities of speech – loud or quiet, fast or slow tempo, wordiness or close, emotional or dry.

Appearance – smiling or glum (хмурый) face, eyes expression, as person walks, sweeping or in small steps, as a person stands.

2.2. TEMPERAMENT

The theory about temperament was founded by famous Greek doctor and philosopher Hippocrates. He created a Humoral theory (from the Latin word ‘humor’ - liquid), according to which temperament is caused by the superiority of the certain liquid in the organism. Hippocrates thought, that organism vital functions were determined by the correlation between blood, bile and mucus (lymph, phlegma). Sanguine (from the Latin word "sanguis" which means "blood") – superiority of blood in organism, phlegmatic (from Greek word "phlegma" – mucus), superiority of mucus in organism, choleric (from the Greek word ''chole'' - bile), superiority of bile in organism, and melancholic (from Greek words "melas" – black and ''chole'' - bile), superiority of black bile in organism.

A sanguine person has high nervous and psychic activity, vivid facial expressions, great number of motions, high emotionality, very sociable, easy going. In case of poor upbringing may be carefree.

A high level of nervous and psychic activity, energy of actions, sharpness and impetuosity of motions, vividness of emotions and senses are typical of choleric person. In case of poor upbringing can be lack of self-control, hotheaded.

A phlegmatic person is characterized by the comparatively low level of activity, complication in switching one's attention, slowness and quietness of actions, even facial expressions and speech, constancy and depth of senses and emotions, mood. Poor upbringing can cause such negative traits as poorness and weakness of emotions, inclination only to usual actions execution.

A melancholic person is characterized by low nervous-psychic activity, low level of motions and speech, considerable emotional reactivity, senses depth, but their external expression is weak. Poor upbringing can cause such negative traits as reticence, estrangement, high sensitivity.

Connection between temperament types and types of higher nervous activity

(Ivan Pavlov)

Choleric	Strong	Unbalanced	Active
Sanguine	Strong	Balanced	Active
Phlegmatic	Strong	Balanced	Inactive
Melancholic	Weak	Unbalanced	Inert

Vocabulary 4.1.

1. Modest – скромный

2. Daring - смелый, отважный

3. Boasful – хвастливый

4. Strive – бороться, прилагать усилия

5. Apparent – видимый

6. Diligence – усердность, старание

7. Conscientious – добросовестный

8. Neglecting - пренебрежение

9. Obligation – обязательность

10. Benevolence – благожелательность

11. Adherence - приверженность

12. Estrangement - отчужденность

13. Reticence - скрытность

14. Envy - зависть

15. Miserliness - скупость

16. Inclination – наклонность, склонность

17. Mockery – издевательство

18. Arrogance – высокомерие

19. Conceit – самонадеянность

20. Frugality – бережливость

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