Kazakh-American-University

Kazakh-American-University

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History of Kazakhstan I year students

Lecture 17 All departments

Instructor: 2007-2008 academic year

Taichikova K.T. Winter trimester

Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.

The objective of the lecture: Students should know economic and political development of Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIXc., and national uprisings as consequences of the Russian colonial policy.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in 1867-1868.

2. Liberation movement of Kazakh sharua in 60-70-s of XIX c.

1. The Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Semirechey and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11,1867, and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21, 1868 were declared.

All territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three General-governors. The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by military governor. The Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan – Syrdarya and Semirechey – were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no general-governor of the steppe, Uralsk and Turgai were under Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administrated by the governor-general of Western Siberia.

The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezd headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezd were divided into volosts and volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volost and auls were formed on a territorial principle.

Each volost consisted of one or two thousand households, each administrative aul of one or two hundred families.

Each volost and uezd was have a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

The cost of this administrative apparatus was to be met by Kazakhs themselves, for which the one ruble seventy-five kopek cart tax was raised to three rubles in four nothern oblasts, and two rubles seventy-five kopeks in Turkestan.

The Kazakhs were also subjected to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes.

The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religios schools. Once built, these structure were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg muftiate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior. This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

The Steppe Commision had recommended that the Russians not intervene directly in the religious affairs of the Central Asians, but rather should restrict the spread of Islam. General Kaufman, the first governor-general of Turkestan, was strongly against Christian missionary activities in the steppe.

Although Muslim clergy in the sedentary regions lost power under the new law, the Muslims of Turkestan were able to continue their missionary activities among the Kazakhs of Semirechey and Syrdarya. The Orenburg muftiate also engaged in the active of Islam by funding the construction of legal and iilegal schools and mosques throughout the northern part of the steppe.

2. News of the Provisional Statutes aroused a strong burst of anti-Russian feelings among the Kazakhs. Uprisings broke out among the Middle Horde, the Small Horde, and Adayev Kazakhs of the Mangyshlak Peninsula.

Uprising of Turgai and Uralsk oblsts.

In 1869 resistance overtook all the Uralsk oblast and western and southern parts of Turgai oblast. A majority of the fighters were the poor Kazakhs, who were most directly threatened by the tax increase, but they were led by the biis and elders, whose power base was threatened by administrative reform.

An expeditionary force of 5.300 men and 20 guns was sent in June 1869 under the command of general V.A.Verevkin, the military-governor of Uralsk, the Russian fortresses in steppe. Some 71.000 carts had been killed by Russian troops. Fighters were arrested and sentenced to death, and many Kazakhs were sentenced to terms of between 12 and 15 years.

Mangstau’s uprising (1870). People, who lived in the desert and semidesert regions of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, were to be subjected to the provisional statute January 1870. The tribes of the region (Adayev Kazakhs and Turkmen) had existed as buffer zone between Russia and Khiva. In 1846 the Russians had strengthened their military presence in Mangyshlak.

In the 1850-s the Russians had been forced to send troops to collect the required taxation. Statutes effectively cut these tribes off from their traditional summer pasturage along the Emba. Troops from Orenburg and the Caucasus seized roads and wells, and the Kazakhs who refused to accept the legislation in order to deny water for their animals.

The new legislation required the Adayev Kazakhs to pay one-rubles zemski tax in addition to the three rubles 15 kop cart tax, that they were already paying Adayev had no currency, they were far from the Russian markets and had little to trade.

In June 1870 General Komarov moved to Mangyshlak. In December general Komarov organized a meeting with the representatives of each of the major clans. Those communities that paid their tax peacefully to cross into Uralsk and Turgai and so travel to their traditional pasturage.

For the next 2,5 years Russian troops lived among the Adayev to enforce order. These troops participated in the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873. The conquest of Khiva was completed by the spring of 1874. The Adayev resistance was defeated for the final time. The region was organized as Transcaspian oblast and placed under the direction of the general-governor of Caucasia. The Adayev were again cut off from their summer pasturage.

Glossary

Clan	род
Require	требовать
Community	общество
Aspiration	стремление, желание
Worsening	ухудшение
Skirmish	Стычка, перестрелка
Release	освобождать
Ill fate	злополучный

1. Tasks for IWS: Analyze “Policy of Russian government in Kazakhstan after abolition of the serfdom”.
2. Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “National-liberation movements in 60-70-s of the XIX c. against Kokand.”
3. Home tasks: Write a short essay: “Political situation in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.”
4. List of the reference on the theme

1. Асфендияров С.Д. История Казахстана (с древних времен): Уч.Пособие / Под ред. А.С.Такенова. – Алма-Ата, 1993. – 2-е изд.

2. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. – Алматы: Дэуир, 1993.

3. История Казахстана: Пособие для студентов. – Алматы: Казинтерграф, 1998.

4. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб. Пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000.

Оразбаева А.И. Курс лекций по истории Казахстана для студентов неисторических факультетов. Часть 1. Древняя и средневековая история Казахстана. – Алматы: Казак университетi, 2001

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