Темы групповых проектов в кабинете английского языка. В следующий раз 3314.

LEXICOLOGY

LECTURE 4

Темы групповых проектов в кабинете английского языка. В следующий раз 3314.

Scandinavian borrowings. From the end of the 8^th century to the middle of the 11^th England underwent several Scandinavian invasions, which inevitability left their trace on English vocabulary. Proximity of English and Scandinavian languages (both belong to the Germanic group, common roots of words and auxiliary elements made the contacts between the peoples and the process of borrowing easy.

Sc borrowings:

1. As they hadn’t a highly developed culture, so the majority of Sc borrowings are common words denoting objects and consents of everyday life: ugly, wrong, happy, cast, cut, die, take, call, want.

2. Some Sc borrowings are present in the system of English pronouns and prepositions: they, them, their, both, same, till are of Sc origin.

3. Sc influence in the geographical names, mostly in the North of England.

4. The majority of Sc borrowings entered the English language in the period of 9^th – 11^th centuries, later Sc borrowings are not very numerous and came into English through fiction: clumsy, skiff, ski etc.

5. The majority of Sc borrowings are fully assimilated (semantically, phonetically). Some of them are easily recognizable as the initial Sk (Sc) combination. Sky, skin, skill, scare and so on. The pronunciation of g and k before the front vowels I or E. In OE this combinations were palatalized. Ex: child – kild, gift, get.

6. The existence of semantics loans (words that change their meaning under the influence of another language). Gift (in OE meant marriage) under the influence of Sc it became a present. Dream in OE meant joy, under the infl of Sc it get modern meaning, dwell (deceive) = live (Sc)

French borrowings. Are subdivided into two layers according of the period of their entrance, meaning and form.

French borrowings of the 1^st layer are very numerous. Their appearance is connected with the Norman conquest (1066). For the next 3 centuries had no English speaking kings. About 10.000 words came into English. French words penetrated every aspect of social life. We can subdivide norman-french borrowings into the followings semantic groups:

Government and administration: state, country, nation, counsel

Social relation: peasant, servant, prince, noble, honor, duke, baron. Only 4 title are native (lord, lady, king, queen).

Law (Sc): justice, accuse, crime, slandor, solicitor, jury

Religion: vice, clerge, communion

Art and architecture: art, paint, design

Pleasures: leisure, delight, sport, cards

Cooking: dinner, supper, soup, boil, fry, jelly, fist, cuisine

Army and navy: battle, war, defend, solder, captain

Fashion and dress: coat, frock, costume, lace, button, diamond, mitten, luxury,

Education: pupil, pencil

Everyday life: table, river, autumn, uncle

All the words of Norman period are fully assimilated in English.

French borrowings of the Renaissance came from Parisian dialect of French and are known as Parisian borrowings. According to the degree of assimilation they are partially assimilated words preserving their graphical and phonetical peculiarities aliens to English pronunciation and spelling. Machine, garage, fatigue, grotesque, ballet, bow, naïve.

Thematically they are subdivided into several groups:

Commerse and manufacturing: capital, investment, machine

Art and literature: cartoon, simphony, redicule, remark

Politics: police, finace, royalist

Army and navy: corps, bomb, marine

Celtic borrowings. Are among the earliest in the English language. The celtic tribes were the original inhabitants of the British Islands. They lived their before the Gmc tribes migrated (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) across the sea. One of the Celtic tribes – the Brits gave name to the whole country. Through numerous contacs with the defeated Celts the Germans brought new words, especially numerous among the Celtic borrowings were place names: rivers, hills. The Germanic tribes occupied the territories but the names of many parts and features remained celtic. Avon, Dover, Trent, Aber, Dun, Lan. The name of the English capital originates from the celtic llyn + dun (a fortified hill on the river).

Later borrowings from the celtic languages (Irish and Scottish) were: clan, flannel, lock, shamrock, slogan, tori, whiskey.

Some words of Celtic origin came to English through French: beak, budge, tunnel, carry.

Italian borrowings. A great contribution to the English words stock was made by the Italian language starting from the 16^th century.

As to their meaning Italian borrowing can be subdivided into the following groups:

1. During the Renaissance period Italian culture, especially in the spheres of art, music, literature, architecture influenced English culture, which was reflected in the English language.

Musical vocabulary is over ¾ Italian and non-assimilated: consert, piano, sonata, tempo, alegro

Terms of art: studeo, model

Architecture: Gallery, corridor, balcony, grotto

2. Military character which came into English through French in 16th-17^th centuries: colonel, alarm, infantry, brave

3. Unites words of different meanings. Festive terms: carnival, costume, moto, vogue. Duel, domino, magazine (or is Arabic). Embassy, Crimes: mafia, bandit, vendetta, assassin (arabic). Banking world: credit, finance, cash, casino, bank, risk, banker. Italian food: macaroni, pizza, spaghetti. Political terms.

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Dutch borrowings. Dutch borrowing in English are confined to a number of thematic groups:

Sea and ship buildings: deck, yort, skipper, riff, dock

ART terms (16th-17^th) under the influence of the Dutch painting school: sketch, landscape.

Objects of everyday life: lack, slim, smuggle, boss.

German borrowings. Borrowing from German started in 16^th century. The majority belong to those spheres which were highly developed in german.

Mining: nikel, shiller, volphram, kvarz.

Philosophy terms 18-19 cent: objective, subjective, dialectic, determinism

Non-termenalogical character are rather few: puddel, iceberg, kindergarten, blitzkrig, schnaps.

The majority of German words came into English through scientific literature and fiction. German influence English in the form of translation loans also. Superman, masterpiece, lace in the sun, male fist, blood and iron, bolt from the blue, chain smoker, homesickness, world market.

Russian borrowings. Started in the 16^th century. Political contacts. Early borrowings denoted specific features, social relationships, political and monitory systems. Boyar, kossak, rubel, muzhik, telega, tzhar, shuba, sterlyad,17 kopeyk, knout, step, 18 suslick, kibitka, borzoy, ukaz, beluga, astrokan, 19 samovar, vodka, tudnra, tayga, nigelist, crash. Russian borrowings which entered english which entered English after 1917 soviet, komsomol, self-critisism, pioneer, kolhoz, sputnik

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