“Chapter Two”, not “the second chapter”.

SPEAKING

“Chapter Two”, not “the second chapter”.

Chapter one considers, section 3 threads… – не “рассмотрим главу один”.

Язык из Интернета – не всегда норма языка.

MISTAKES FROM ESSAYS FROM FORMER STUDENTS

TYPICAL COLLOCATIONS FOR WORD «COMPARE»

1) Compare with or compare to – with is more common, but it's a wayout to show you're properly tought to use more rare variant.

2) … compares (fabourably) with

3) Compared with/to smth (it's a start of a sentence), By comparison (with), On comparison (it means after comparing), In comparison with (to).

4) … as compared to … - make/do/draw a comparison between

5) Draw an analogy – formal (between similar things), draw a parallel – formal (between very different things).

6) In contrast, Ex beliefs.

THE WORD «SIMILAR»

1) Collocations: remarkably/strikingly similar, broadly/roughly similar

2) Similar in (size), similar to smth.

3) The noun «similarity»: bears some/a close similarity/resemblence to.

4) Similarity with, similarity between.

5) Obvious/significant/broad/general similarity – combinations with similarity.

6) Verbs: bear, have

7) Show/reveal similarity

8) Share similarity

Some synonims: Similarly, …/Likewise, …!= Conversly, …

DIFFERENCE

1) Big /major /huge/large/enourmous/vast/wide – that's a frequence of these words.

2) Small/minor/slight.

3) A significant/cruicial/key

4) Essential/fundamental

5) Marked/dramatic (very noticeble)/striking differences

6) Subtle/individual/cultural differences – they’re not united.

7) Show a difference. Ex: our data showed a considerable differences…

8) Can’t tell/see the difference – не вижу разницы.

9) The difference lies in/arises from – в чем разница заключается/чем объясняется.

10) Difference between/difference in (aspect).

11) Antonyms: inequality.

DIFFERENT

1) «Different from» is written, «from/to» – British English, «from/than» – American English. «He looks no more different than he was twenty.»

2) Very/completely/radically different.

3) Different!~ various. The're not antonyms, but they're different. Various different relationships НУЖНО ПЕРЕВЕСТИ – несколько различных отношений.

4) Unique means special, unusual.

5) Unlike (the USA) – в отличие от.

6) Have nothing in common

7) Distinctive – a special feature easy to a recognize. Rock band with distinctive sound.

DISTINCT

1) Clearly, significantly different or belonging to different type.

2) Distinct catogories/types/groups. Two distinct types – два принципиально/существенно различных типа.

3) Quite/entirely/clearly/completely/essentially/distinct from one another (the order means frequence)

4) As distinct from. Example: a movie star as distinct from an actor.

DISTINCTION clear difference or separation between two similar things.

1) Make/draw distinction between. Make a distinction between formal and informal language.

DISTINGUISH

Differentiate, recognize, understand the difference.

1) Distinguish between right and wrong/fact and fiction/cause and effect.

2) Distinguish from one child from another/cancer cells from normal tissue.

3) Spoken variant: tell the different between, tell smth from smth.

CLEARLY/EASILY/READILY

Smth can be readily distinguished by its….

Distinguishing feature/mark/characteristic.

DIFFERENTIATE (academic prose): recognize the difference.

1) differentiate between (fact and fiction)/differentiate between two deseases

2) differentiate smth from smth (for ex. This product from other)

3) what differentiates this two periods of history?

4) It is important/possible/difficult to differentiate

-LY

Adverbs. In written formal English –ly adverbs are used before or inside predicate.

The situation got steadily worse.

Prises arising steadily.

Adjective or adverb? In informal Eng we use some adjectives as adverbs with no change of form. Compare:

Neutral: He spoke loudly and clearly.

Informal: He spoke loud and clear.

Adj: real, cheap, quick, slow, kind, really.

Tight, tightly, freely.

Real + adj. = only in American English.

She's a real nice girl.

Like, as. Like is followed by a noun phrase. He works like a horse

As is followed by a verb phrase. She cooks turkey as my mother did.

Also like is used very informally.

No one else can score goals like he can.

Don’t talk to me like you talk to a child.

Like I said/told you – spoken, informal English.

As if/ as though – we use past tense after, to emphasize that the comparison is imaginary.

She looks as if she knows what is going to happen.

He looks like he’s going to be sick.

INFINITIVE

1) “to”-part. Nothing to do, but to … - bookish. Without “to” – normal.

2) The use of end instead of to is informal and emphatic. After try/come/go.

3) Come/go without to or and are more common American English. They wanted to come with it. I’ll go catch him. Not ever end.

4) After help in the pattern “help smb to do smth” you can leave out the “to”. Both variants are neutral.

5) Help prevent disease.

6) She helped him choose some new clothes.

PERFECT INFINITIVE

То, что начинается с have.

Is used after phrases expressing emotions and feelings.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

She was helped not to have met the standards required.

Perfect Infinitive = smth isn’t completed.

I was to go to London. (that was the plan)

I was to have gone to London. (I haven’t gone)

My car was to be delivered today.

My car was to have been delivered today. (It hasn’t been)

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