Smoking and Human health

SMOKING AND HUMAN HEALTH

(Паління і здоров’я людини)

TEXT: Health effects of smoking cigarettes

GRAMMAR: Present Simple vs Present Continuous

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary

Carcinogenic	[ˌkɑːsɪnəˈdʒenɪk]	канцерогенний
Cannabis	[ˈkænəbɪs]	конопля
Carbon monoxide	[ˈkɑːbən mɒˈnɒksaɪd]	окис вуглецю
To reproduce	[ˌriːprəˈdjuːs]	відтворювати
Oxidative	[ˌɒksɪˈdeɪtiv]	окислювальний
Obstructive pulmonary disease	[əbˈstrʌktiv ˈpʌlmənərɪ dɪˈziːz]	обструктивна хвороба легень
Emergency	[i'mə:dʒənsi]	непередбачений випадок
DNA mutation	[mjuːˈteɪʃən]	мутація ДНК
Contributor	[kənˈtrɪbjʊtə]	той, що сприяє
To quit	[kwɪt]	покинути
To diagnose	['daiəgnəuz]	діагностувати
Lung cancer	[lΛŋ 'kænsə]	рак легенів
Smokers	[ˈsməʊkəʳz]	курці
Irritation	[iri'tei∫n]	роздратування
Fertility	[fɜːˈtɪlɪtɪ]	родючість
Stroke	[strəʊk]	удар, припадок
miscarriage	[mɪsˈkærɪdʒ]	викидень
Drawback	[ˈdrɔːbæk]	недолік
Pack-a-day	[ˈpæk əˌdeɪ]	пачка на день

Exercise 2. Guess, what a “second hand smoker” stands for. Think of other “smokers” (non-smoker, heavy smoker, social smoker, etc)

Exercise 3. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following English ones.

Poisonous and carcinogenic chemicals, body’s immune system, health effects of cigarette smoking, to be inhaled into the lungs, to reach the brain, breast milk, to bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells, carbon monoxide poisoning, non-smokers, cancer-causing agents, inhaling the smoke, to damage important genes, growth of cells, to reproduce too rapidly, to affect the immune system functions, a lifetime pack–a–day smoker, to cause oxidative stress, to cause DNA mutation, a major risk factor for heart attacks, the aging process, adverse health effects, chronic inflammation, to contain radioactive heavy metals, risk factors for lung cancer, in the lungs of the smokers, the highly addictive ingredient, secondhand smoking

Exercise 4. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate into Ukrainian.

Inhale, internal, exclude, abnormally, accustomed, withdrawal, encouragement, motivation, exhale, successfully, external, addictive, radioactive, antioxidants, include, functioning, poisonous, reproduce

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the words in bold type. Give your own examples of conversion in English

1. Nicotine has been found in every part of a smoker’s body, including breast milk.

2. Milking is the act of removing milk from the mammary glands of an animal, typically cows.

3. Carbon monoxide is present in cigarette smoke.

4. E-cigarette will be the best present for me.

5. Oxidative stress causes damage to the body’s cells.

6. Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.

7. The health effects of smoking cigarettes are horribly destructive.

8. There is no smoke without a fire.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text.

Health effects of smoking cigarettes

Smoking is a process that involves burning the substance (usually tobacco) and inhaling the smoke (through cigarettes, cigars). Tobacco smoking is the most popular form of smoking, but there are less common drugs for smoking as well, like cannabis and opium. Since 2000 the researches have shown that 1.22 billion people smoke around the world. The health effects of smoking cigarettes have been recognized as destructive and in many cases lead to death. The ingredients in cigarettes affect the internal functioning of organs and the efficiency of the body’s immune system. Each cigarette shortens life by an average of 11 minutes. Approximately 7000 chemicals, have been found in one cigarette: 250 of them are poisonous, 70 are carcinogenic.

Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. This risk is directly proportional to the length of time that a person continues to smoke and the amount smoked. Smoking the so-called "light" cigarettes does not reduce the risk. Even environmental smoking, or secondhand smoking, causes adverse health effects in people of all ages.

Cancer-causing agents (cancinogens) in tobacco smoke damage important genes that control the growth of cells, causing them to grow abnormally or to reproduce too rapidly.

Smoking affects the immune system functions by causing oxidative stress. This causes DNA mutation, leading to cancer and heart diseases. Smokers usually have less oxidants in their blood than non-smokers.

Nicotine, the highly addictive ingredient, reaches the brain in 7 to 10 seconds after smoke is inhaled. Nicotine has been found in every part of a smoker’s body, including breast milk. Carbon monoxide, which is present in cigarette smoke, binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing these cells from carrying all the oxygen.

Cigarette smoke contains radioactive heavy metals which is believed to be one of the risk factors for lung cancer in smokers. Cigarette smoking has also been associated with sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. A number of studies have shown that smoking damages fertility and causes miscarriages.

Today one in four men and one in five women still smoke. There are many tools, systems, and programs available for quitting smoking. Smoking is so addictive that only less than 20% of the people successfully kick the habit. A smoker who tries to quit may expect one or more of these withdrawal symptoms: nausea, drowsiness, loss of concentration and irritability. There is more research showing the benefits of quitting, and the drawbacks of not quitting. There are a number of methods such as using e-cigarettes, nicotine patch, gums or lozenges, alternative treatment, self-help and support groups.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions.

1. What is smoking?

2. How many chemicals have been found in one cigarette?

3. What does the oxidative stress cause?

4. What is the highly addictive ingredient and how quickly does it reach the brain?

5. Who are the second-hand smokers?

6. What diseases can cigarette smoking lead to?

7. How many people still smoke?

8. What are the health effects of smoking cigarettes?

9. What are the methods of quitting?

10. What has cigarette smoking been associated with?

Exercise 8. Find synonyms in the text:

To inhale- …

To affect- …

To cause- …

Inner- …

Stop - …

Disadvantage - …

Toxic- …

Carcinogen- …

Quickly- …

Harmful – …

Kick –..

Exercise 9. Match the following terms with their proper definitions:

1. Nicotine 2.Inflammation 3.Chemical 4.Cancer 5.Cannabis 6.Antioxidant 7.Heart attack

a) a colourless oily acrid toxic liquid that turns yellowish-brown in air and light: the principal alkaloid in tobacco b) a substance, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene, that counteracts the damaging effects of oxidation in a living organism c) any sudden severe instance of abnormal heart functioning, especially coronary thrombosis d) the reaction of living tissue to injury or infection, characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and pain e) any type of malignant growth or tumour, caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division: it may spread through the lymphatic system or blood stream to other parts of the body f) the drug obtained from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, which is smoked or chewed for its psychoactive properties. It produces euphoria and relaxation; repeated use may lead to psychological dependence g) any substance used in or resulting from a reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules, especially one derived artificially for practical use

Exercise 10. Find corresponding equivalents in English.

Хімікати, спричинити мутації ДНК, отруйні речовини, імунна система організму, речовини, що викликають рак, вдихнути в легені, симптоми отруєння чадним газом, пошкодити важливі гени, впливати на людський організм, наслідки для здоров'я від паління сигарет, привести до смерті, канцерогенний, ріст клітин, впливати на функції імунної системи, процес старіння, легені курців, токсичні інгредієнти в сигаретному димі, хронічне запалення, дихальні шляхи, кинути палити, містити радиоактивні важкі метали, окис вуглецю, впливати на функції імунної системи

Revise GRAMMAR

Present Simple vs Present Continuous

Translate and compare these sentences:

I always smoke before I go to bed. and He is smoking too much, nowadays.

Exercise 11. Read and discuss the smoking quotes made by famous people. Open the brackets, using either Simple or Continuous. Pay attention to the phrase “give up smoking”.

1. “Giving up smoking (to be) the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times.” Mark Twain

2. “Every time I (to sit) in this room, I want a cigarette.” Ozzy Osbourne.

3. “Smoking (to kill). If you're killed, you've lost a very important part of your life.” Brooke Shields

4. “When you (to smoke) way too much marijuana, you really get irritated with yourself.” Brad Pitt

5. “I would be very proud to have influenced anyone that I (to know) to quit smoking.” Christy Turlington

6. “I’m (to quit) smoking now”. Cameron Diaz

7. “My worst habit used to be smoking but I (to quit).” Katherine Heigl

8. “I know a man who (to give up) smoking, drinking, sex, and rich food. He was healthy right up to the day he killed himself.” Johnny Carson

9. “If you (to resolve) to give up smoking, drinking and loving, you don't actually live longer; it just (to seem) seems longer.” Clement Freud

9. “You know that you (to smoke) too much weed when smoking (to become) a daily ritual.” Snoop Dogg

10. “I quit smoking three weeks ago and I (to have) a hard day today not smoking.” Eric Roberts

Exercise 12. Find the examples of conversion in the text.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. Smoking damages fertility and causes miscarriages.

2. There are more than 7,000 harmful chemicals in tobacco.

3. Nicotine replacement products help you to quit smoking gradually.

4. Electronic cigarettes have helped almost nine out of ten smokers quit tobacco completely.

5. Smoking affects the immune system functions by causing oxidative stress.

6. Whether you’re a teen smoker or a lifetime pack–a–day smoker, quitting can be tough.

7. The act of smoking becomes a daily ritual.

8. S tress, depression, loneliness, fear, and anxiety are some of the most common reasons why adults smoke.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets, paying attention to the use of the Present Perfect Passive. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Subject + (has or have) + been + past participle

For example It has been estimated that active smoking is responsible for close to 90 percent of lung cancer cases.

1. It (conclude) that tobacco is a powerful cancer-causing product that can cause cancer in many different parts of the body.

2. The bacteria (inhale) into the respiratory passages during contact with ill persons.

3. Tobacco smoke (identify) as a human carcinogen (cancer-causing substance).

4. Significant bone loss (find) in older women and men who smoke.

5. The majority of living lung cancer patients (diagnose) within the last five years.

6. This baby (give) a lot of love and care by the obstetrician.

7. Nicotine (find) in every part of a smoker’s body, including breast milk.

8. Our surgeons (assign) to work on a big project.

9. Secondhand smoke (associate) with heart disease in adults and sudden infant death syndrome, ear infections, and asthma attacks in children.

10.Cancer-causing chemicals (identify) in cigarette smoke.

Exercise 15. Translate to English.

1. Вплив на здоров'я від паління сигарет є жахливо руйнівним і в багатьох випадках, смертельним.

2. Сьогодні один з чотирьох чоловіків і одна з п'яти жінок все ще палять.

3. Більше 70 канцерогенних хімічних речовин булo визначенo в сигаретному димі до теперішнього часу.

4. Курці мають менше окислювачів в крові, ніж ті, що не палять.

5. Паління пов'язано з більш високим рівнем хронічного запалення.

6. Вплив паління на здоров'я було визнано широко поширеним та небезпечним.

7. Нікотин досягає мозку за 7-10 секунд.

8. Паління спричиняє мутацію ДНК, що призводить до раку та серцевих захворювань.

9. Якщо ви вирішили кинути палити, ви повинні викинути всі ваші сигарети.

10. Є багато інструментів, систем і програм, доступних для тих, хто вирішив кинути палити.

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Supplementary materials - read and discuss:

Did you know?

- Smoking causes more deaths each year than all of these combined:

· Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

· Alcohol/drug use

· Motor vehicle injuries

· Firearm-related incidents

- Smoking causes about 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women. More women die from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer.

- About 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are caused by smoking.

Some tips for those who quit smoking:

· Have a plan and set a definite quit date.

· Get rid of all the cigarettes and ashtrays at home or in your desk at work.

· Don't allow others to smoke in your house.

· Tell your friends and neighbors that you're quitting.

· Chew sugarless gum or eat sugar-free hard candy to redirect the oral fixation that comes with smoking. This will prevent weight gain, too.

· Eat as much as you want, but only low-calorie foods and drinks. Drink plenty of water. This may help with the feelings of tension and restlessness that quitting can bring.

· Stay away from social situations that prompt you to smoke. Dine in the nonsmoking section of restaurants.

· Spend the money you save not smoking on an occasional treat for yourself.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення, складіть з ними речення:

1. хімікати, що викликають рак,

2. наслідки для здоров'я від паління сигарет,

3. впливати на функції імунної системи,

4. пасивне куріння,

5. токсичні інгредієнти в сигаретному димі,

6. хронічне запалення,

7. легені курців,

8. містити радиоактивні важкі метали,

9. кинути палити,

10. привести до смерті.

II. Дайте розгорнуту відповідь на наступні питання:

1. What are the health effects of smoking sigarettes?

2. What is the highly addictive ingredient and how quickly does it reach the brain?

3. What diseases can smoking lead to?

4. What does the oxidative stress cause?

5. What are the methods and tips for those who quit smoking?

III. Поясніть наступні терміни (не менше 5 речень):

1. smoking

2. second-hand smokers

3. oxidative stress

4. nicotine

Тестові завдання для поточного контролю знань

Test

1. The health effects of smoking cigarettes are horribly … and in many cases, deadly.

a. destructive b. life-giving c. cataclysmic d. harmless e. fatal

2. … people smoke around the world.

a. 1 billion b. 1.22 billion c. 1.25 billion d. 1.5 billion e. 2 billion

3. Smokers have less … in their blood than non-smokers.

a. antioxidants b. oxidants c. accidents d. blood cells e. sugar

4. There are more than 7,000 harmful chemicals in ….

a. nicotine b. tobacco c. alcohol d. drugs e. water

5. Managing … feelings such as stress, depression, loneliness, fear, and anxiety are some of the most common reasons why adults smoke.

a. pleasant b. unpleasant c. boring d. delightful e. nasty

6. … smoking is the inhalation of smoke, called second-hand smoke

a. passive b. active c. social d. temporary e. persistant

7. Each cigarette shortens life by an average of …

a. 5 minutes b. 10 minutes c. 11 minutes d. 15 minutes e. 16 minutes

8. Smoking causes DNA mutation, setting the stage for …

a. cancer b. heart disease c. cancer and heart disease d. ulcers e. tumors

9. Quitting smoking is …

a. easy b. smooth c. simple d. complicated e. hard

10. Nicotine reaches the brain in … after the smoke is inhaled.

a. 5 to 7 seconds b. 5 to 10 seconds c. 7 to 10 seconds

d. 10 seconds e.10 to 15 seconds

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