- purpose['pɜːpəs] ціль - availability[əˌveɪlə'bɪlətɪ] придатність, корисність

1. Introduction of the new words:

- purpose['pɜːpəs] ціль - availability[əˌveɪlə'bɪlətɪ] придатність, корисність

- smelling[smel] запах - stringent['strindʒ(ə)nt] строгий, обов’язковий

- entirely[ɪn'taɪəlɪ]цілком - expectorant[ik'spektərənt]відхаркувальний засіб

- rarely['reəlɪ рідко - swallowing ['swɔləʊ] ковтання

- quantity ['kwɔntətɪ] кількість - undesirable [,endi'zai(ə)rəb(ə)l] небажаний

- requirements[rɪ'kwaɪəmənt] вимоги - determine[dɪ'tɜ:mɪn] визначати

1. Read & translate the sentences with the new words:

1. The main purpose of any drug is to improve the condition of the patient, isn’t it?

2. Smelling of this tonic is very strange.

3. These drugs are used very rarely nowadays.

4. Don’t use a big quantity of the drugs without the prescription.

5. Some drugs have undesirable effects on the organism.

6. Doctor has to determine the dose for the patient individually.

7. These some stringent tests for new drugs before their using.

8. These pills have shown their availability for treatment of different heart diseases.

9. There are many stringent requirements for drugs nowadays, aren’t there?

10. These new tablets are entirely new and very effective.

1. Match the following English words with Ukrainian equivalents:

1. tonics

2. liniment

3. drops

4. drugs

5. antiseptic

6. expectorant

7. cough mixture

8. laxative

9. analgesics

10. application drugs

11.cough

12. irritation

a) подразнення

b) відхаркувальний засіб

c) мікстура від кашлю

d) кашель

e) знеболюючі засоби

f) аплікація, прикладання

g) ліки

h) лінімент (рідка мазь)

i) краплі

j) зміцнюючий засіб

к) послаблюючий (проносний) засіб

1) антисептичний засіб

1. Read & translate the text:

A drug or medicine is any substance or mixture of substances which is taken into the body for the purpose of improving one's physical or mental condition. In the past, medicines were usually mixtures of many plants and mineral substances, prescribed in Latin by physicians and made up by pharmacists into elixirs, powders or ointments that were often strange smelling and tasting. Today we live in an entirely different era of drugs. Rarely are prescriptions written in Latin and reraly does the pharmacist him­self prepare the drugs. Instead, most medicines are manufactured in large quantities in the form of tablets, capsules, particles, creams, suppositories and liquids for oral use or injection. Production, distribution and availabilit y of each type of drug is controlled by legislation dating back to the first half of this century, although new laws continue to be made.

Nowadays, before a drug is introduced on the market, it must meet stringent standards of safety and effectiveness, since it may be used by millions. To determine whether it does meet these requirements, it is first tested in many animals and later in human volunteers and persons with specific diseases which the drug is designed to treat

All drugs can be grouped according to the action they possess. The main groups are:

* Antiseptic and disinfectants kill bacteria by poisoning them.

* Expectorants are used for assisting in coughing by reducing the irritation of throat.

* Cough mixtures are used to suppress coughing.

* Laxatives make the bowels move.

* Analgesics soothe or relieve pain.

* Tonics are taken to strengthen the body and immune system.

* Application for skin and mucous membrane includes ointments, lotions.

The drugs can be classified according to their form. The main groups are:

• Pill is a small ball or tablet of medicine for swallowing whole.
• Tablet is a small shaped piece of compressed medicine.
• Ointment is a semi-solid medicinal preparation made from oil or fat and used on the skin.

• Tincture['tɪŋkʧə] is alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution.

The major characteristics of drugs are:

* Therapeutic effect is a selective action on an organ.

* Side effects are an undesirable action (nausea, vomiting, and rash, etc)

* Allergic reaction is an expected individual reaction.

Drugs are most commonly can be administered in a number of ways:

* Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the stomach.

* Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as a vapour.

* Parentarally [pæ'rent(ə)r(ə)l] (by injection): intramuscular, intravenous.

* Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the colon.

* Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.

* Topically as applications for the skin.

Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways.

1. Answer the following questions.

1. Can you find the definition of a drug given in the text?

2. How did medicines look like in the past?

3. Are most medicines manufactured nowadays? In what forms?

4. By whom is production, distribution and availability of drags controlled?

5. What happens before a drug is introduced on the market?

6. In what two groups can the drugs be classified?

7. What is the action of antiseptics?

8. What are expectorants used for?

9. What are the applications?

10. What forms of drugs do you know?

11. Can you describe the major characteristics of drugs?

12. How are drugs administered?

2. Are these sentences true or fals e:

1. In the past, medicines were made up by pharmacists into elixirs, powders hi ointments.

2. Today pharmacist in the chemist's himself prepare all the drugs.

3. Nowadays drugs are first tested in animals and later in human volunteers before they are introduced on the market.

4. All drugs can be grouped according to the action they possess.

5. Laxatives soothe or relieve pain.

6. Tonics are taken to strengthen the body and nervous system.

7. Tablets, ointments, powders, suppositories are the forms of drug.

8. Side effects are desirable action of a drug.

9. Drugs are most commonly administered orally, parentarally, rectally, topically & by

inhalation

3. Find in the text the following word combinations: з метою покращення фізичного стану; рослини та мінеральні речовини; виписані латинською; повністю різна епоха ліків; виготовлятись у великих кількостях; виробництво та доставка кожного будь-якого типа ліків; перша половина сторіччя; строгі стандарти безпеки та ефективності; люди з особливими хворобами; відповідно до дії; зменшувати подразнення горла; пом’якшувати або полегшувати біль; основні групи ліків; вибіркова дія на орган; небажана реакція; нудота, блювання та висипка; всмоктуватись через шлунок; вдихатись у легені; всмоктуватись через товсту кішку; для лікування вагінальних інфекцій; застосування на шкірі; вводитись різними шляхами.

4. Complete the following sentences:

1. A drug is…

2. The main purpose of any drug is…

3. Ancient drugs consisted of…

4. Nowadays drugs are manufactured…

5. Drugs first tested on… than…

6. The groups of drugs are…

7. Analgesics soothe … and laxatives make…

8. The drugs are … according to…

9. Nausea, vomiting, and rash are…

10. There are different ways of a… of …

11. A suppository is absorbed…

12. Drugs administered v…treat…

1. Do the crossword:

ACROSS: 1. A medicine (encapsulated), which is inserted into the rectum 01 vagina and dissolves there. 5. A liquid medicine taken in drops. 6. A substance used to treat diseases. 8. Doctor's instructions to a pharmacist stating the form, dosage, etc., of a drug. 9. A medicinal paste made from oil or fat and used on the skin.

DOWN: 2. A thin tube for transferring small quantities of liquid, esp. used in chemistry. 3. Introducing a liquid into smth with a syringe. 4. A medicine made of compressed powdered substance. 5. A substance used for medical purposes, either alone or in a mixture. 7. A small ball or tablet to be swallowed whole.

6. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Зараз рецепти рідко виписують латинською.

2. Фармацевтичні підприємства виробляють велику кількість різних ліків.

3. Основні цілі ліків це покращення фізичного стану здоров’я людини, чи не так?

4. Різні ліки призначаються для лікування різних хвороб.

5. Мікстури для кашлю вживають для стримування кашлю, чи не так?

6. Різні мазі використовують для лікування проблем шкіри.

7. Деякі ліки спричиняють небажану реакцію: нудоту, блювання та висипку.

8. Випуск ліків контролюється відповідно до законів країні.

9. Стародавні ліки виготовлялись з рослин та мінералів.

10. Ці таблетки мають небажану реакцію на шлунок.

11. Лікар повинен точно визначати дозу ліків для кожного пацієнта, чи не так?

12. Ця нова мазь не відповідає стандартам виробництва мазей.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-04