Such vs. Any such/That kind of/Like that.

Such vs. Any such/That kind of/Like that.

Classifying such “Such a + noun” is written formal, most common in academic prose. He has conducted such an investigation.

Any such/That kind of/Like this – are spoken. He has conducted an investigation like that.

Intensifying such in a high degree: “such a + noun”, “such a + adj + noun” is common in conversation.

She’s such a baby. You’ve got such a beatuful garden – spoken.

In conversation we use such to emphasize.

When we want to compare: “Like this/like that/sort of”.

Look over there! I’d like to have a car like that.

I don’t like this sort of music (not such music).

ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB

er/est vs more/most.

Er/est usually: happier/happiest, angry, crazy…

Adj “-ly” take both types of comparison, especially: costly, deadly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, ugly.

Less common: “-er -est” those ending in [-r] clever, bitter, tender, slender … [-l] able, cruel, gentle, little, noble, simple, subtle [-iri] sencere [-uri] secure

Common, handsome.

Однослоговые – в обоих типах.

Adj + er/est – informal. More/most + adj – neutral.

The rose are getting more and more steep. – neutral.

The rose getting steeper and steeper. – informal.

The form more/most + adj is becoming more popular and more common with short adjectives.

Crud, rude, fool, proud, fair, playing, king, true, good, bad, hot.

Fussy, cruel, subtle, simple.

Comparison is more emphatic.

Wouldn’t that be more fair?

Further/farther.

In informal English further is used in all cases.

In formal farther is used with distance.

He lives farther from the center – formal.

Older/elder.

Elder is becoming archaic. Older is used instead. It’s tendency.

Much, far, very much, a little, a bit, a lot, lots with comparatives.

Before comparatives a bit, a lot, lots are informal. The others are neutral. A bit is more common in spoken than a little. In written English we use slightly, rather, somewhat.

He’s much older than her. She is very much happier. – neutral.

I feel a bit better. – spoken.

Very/much/very much.

Much + bookish verbs (admire, prefer, regret) –

we much regret – formal.

Some people much prefer wine. – formal.

Very much with past participles, when they are in passive voice.

She’s very much respected by her colleagues. – NOT VERY RESPECTED.

Very is common with –ed adjs, expressing emotions. Wared, shocked, frightened, confused, annoyed, surprised, isolated, disappointed, thrill, amused.

I’m very interested.

The children were very bored.

Very much is more formal.

He must be very much upset buy the tragic news.

Much is most formal.

Toby was much impressed – written, very formal.

Degree.

Questions:

How, how much, how far for verbs and how much of for nouns are rather informal. For ex, how much of this color is he? He’s not much of one. – informal. How far do you agree with me? I agree with you absolutely.

More formal: to what degree/to what extent? To what extant we can blame the government for this lack of information – formal question.

In/so/far/as in/as/far/as – to the degree that and formal.

Farely/rather/quite/pretty.

“Quite” in the meaning considerably, fairly, a little, slightly are neutral.

Prices have fallen slightly. – neutral.

It took quite a lot time. – neutral.

Rather is fairly formal, but can be used in spoken, especially in British. In American it’s more usual to use pretty. Pretty is spoken.

Quite a lot, a bit are informal British English. He was rather annoyed – formal and also spoken. I’m pretty sure she is spoken. I think you’re a bit young to watch this.

“Quite” in the meaning absolutely – before a limit adjective or adverb and in British before a verb is fairly formal. You’re quite wrong – formal. I quite understand your fillings – formal.

Considerable – is rather formal.

Academic prose prefers: quite, rather, fairly, slightly, almost, relatively, somewhat.

Positive/negative attitude. Some adverbs sometimes suggest a positive meaning while others suggest a negative meaning. “Good/neither good nor bad”. Fairly, quite, entirely.

Examples:

It’s quite worm today. She’s entirely satisfied.

Bad adjs:

Rather, completely, utterly, a bit, a little.

Examples: It’s rather cold today.

She’s utterly dissatisfied.

I completely disagree with you.

These boxes are a bit heavy.

The house had a fairly large garden.

MANNER.

There’s three chief ways of expressing manner:

-adv

-in manner/way

-with + abstract noun.

Ex: He spoke confidently.

Ex: In a confident way.

Ex: With confidence.

WHEN ADV IS AVAILABLE, USE THE ADVERB. ITS SHORTER AND LESS FORMAL.

With confidence – formal written style.

Like this/like that/this way/that way are informal. So is formal.

In informal in can be ommited before way.

Ex: She cooks turkey the way my mother did – informal.

In academic prose way is typically followed by in which.

Ex: The way in which this happens…

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