8th Level Summary: Grammar

8^th Level Summary: Grammar

Past Story

Past Simple	We use PS when we talk about completed action in the past in general # I met with my friends yesterday. He moved in 1932.
Used to	We use used to when we talk about habits and long-lasting situations which now are different or finished. # I used to dance like a ballerina
Present Perfect	1) Result (when the past is connected with the present) # I’ve broken my finger. – I can’t write now 2) News (when we announce a happening or news) # He has bought a car! 3) With markers already, just, yet, never, ever, always, so far, recently/lately # I haven’t done my homework so far 4) With present markers. In my life, today… # I have done many useful things today. NB1 When we give many details we use Past Simple. # Today I met Tom, phoned Jim and had lunch NB2 When, What time – Past SImple. #What time did you wake up today? NB3 When we ask additional questions we use Past Simple. # I’ve burnt finger! - How did you do it?
Present Perfect Continuous	1) We use PPC when we talk about the action which began in the Past and has just stopped. 2) We use PPC when we talk about the action which began in the past and is still happening now. Markers; for, since, How long? # I’ve been studying English for 2 years. NB We don’tuse some verbs in PPC (like, see, to be, know.)
Past Continuous	We use PC when we talk about the action which was happening at a certain period of time in the past. # He was cooking yesterday when she came.
Past Perfect	We use PP when we talk about the action which had happened before another action in the past or by the certain time in the past. We also use Past Perfect in Reported Speech. # When she came he had already eaten.
Past Perfect Continuous	We use PPC when the action had been happening for a certain period of time before another action in the past. We also use PPC in Reported Speech. # I had been reading for 3 hours before she came

Adjectives and Adverbs: Comparative and Superlative Degrees

-er, the -est

more …, the most …

· 1 syllable

# short – short er – the short est

ü NB:

If the adjective ends with consonant-vowel-consonant, we double the last consonant:

# sad – sad d er – the sad d est

# big – big g er – the big g est

· 2 syllables or more

# interesting – more interesting – the most interesting

· adverbs

# quickly – more quickly – the most quickly

# happily – more happily – the most happily

· 2-syllable adjectives ending with:

- le (simple, simpl er, the simpl est)

- ow (narrow, narrower, the narrow est)

- er (clever, clever er, the clever est)

- y (heavy, heavi er, the heav iest)

# This is the simplest question!

ü 1 syllable / 2 syllables + y:

“y” changes into “i”

#happy – happ i er – the happ i est

ü NB

The following adverbs are used with -er, the -est!

early, fast, near, soon, hard, late

# early – earli er – the earli est

# fast – fast er – the fast est

# late – lat er – the lat est

Comparative and Superlative Degrees: ExceptionsSimiles

Good – better – the best

Bad – worse – the worst

Many/much – more – the most

Little – less – the least

Far ¹ – further/farther – the furthest/the farthest

Old ² (when we talk about relatives) – elder – the eldest

Old ³ (when we talk about the age) - older – the oldest

¹His house is farther than mine / Read more for further information

²This is my elder brother / She is the eldest in the family

³ My sister is older than me / The oldest man in Japan is now 111

Passive Voice

Tense		Structure		Example
Present Simple		am/is/are + V3/Ved		He is asked
Past Simple		was/were + V3/Ved		He was asked
Future Simple (Future Continuous)		will be + V3/Ved		He will be asked
Present Continuous		am/is/are + being + V3/Ved		He is being asked now
Past Continuous		was/were + being + V3/Ved		He was being asked
Present Perfect (Present Perfect Continuous)		have (has) been + V3/Ved		He has been asked
Past Perfect (Past Perfect Continuous)		had been + V3/Ved		He had been asked
Future Perfect		will have been + V3/Ved		He will have been asked
to be going to		to be going to + be + V3/Ved		He is going to be asked
used to		used to + be + V3/Ved		He used to be asked
have (has) to		have (has) to + be + V3/Ved		He has to be asked
can / could		can / could + be + V3/Ved		He can/could be asked
must		must + be + V3/Ved		He must be asked
should		should + be + V3/Ved		He should be asked
would		would + be + V3/Ved		He would be asked
may		may + be + V3/Ved		He may be asked
might		might + be + V3/Ved		He might be asked

Too, Also, So, Neither, Either

1) Same with me (her/ him/them…)! ( +/- )

+: I am hungry. – Same with me! (Я тоже)

-: I don’t want to go to the party! – Same with her!

2) also (+/-)

+: I’m a good person! – She is also a good person.

-: I don’t know – I also don’t know.

3) too (+)

+: They can swim! – I can swim, too!

-:

4) So + A.V. + J (+)

a uxiliary v erb

+: I wrote a letter yesterday – So did she!

-:

5) either (-)

(at the end of the sentence)

+:

-: She doesn’t like semolina! – I don’t like it either!

Short: Me neither [ni͟ːðə]

6) Neither +A.V.+ J (-)

+:

-: I haven’t seen her – Neither have we!

Both, Either, Neither, None

Structure	Translation	Example
Both / Both of <…>	Оба / Оба из…	# Both dresses are beautiful / Both of these
Both <…> and <…>	И…и… / Как…так и…	# He is both strong and handsome # Both Mary and Katy were late
Either / Either of <…>	Любой / Любой (один) из…	# Take either of these books! # Either car is available / Either of the cars is available
Either <…> or <…>	Или…или… / Либо…либо…	# He is either Chinese or Japanese, I’m not sure # You can either apologize to him or go home!
Neither / Neither of <…>/ None of <…>	Ни один из…	# Neither cake is delicious # Neither of these movies is (are) interesting # None of the students is (are) ready
Neither <…> nor <…> P.S. Avoid double negative!	Ни…ни…	# He neither speaks nor listens to me! # You can neither talk to him nor see him # Neither Lily nor James is here # Neither my friends nor I am ready to help you
Neither / Either / Both	используются в ответе	#Would you like tea or coffee? – Neither. I’d like some water, please. # Do you think I should wear a green dress or a blue one? – Either. # Which book do you like more? – Both / I like both.

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