United States of America

"United States of America"

According to forecasts демографов1, number of inhabitants in the country by 2000

will increase to 265-270 million people; it means that during one

the twentieth century it will increase in 3,5 times.

Great influence on population of the USA always rendered and continues

to render иммиграция2.

In total since the beginning of the twentieth century to the country there arrived 55 million people from

nearly 70 countries. And today, despite a number of restrictions, annual inflow

makes nearly 1 million people.

Mass immigration played a pivotal role and in formation of the national

structure of the population of the USA. The modern American nation is, first of all

result of ethnic mixture and merge of immigrants from different parts

light.

Though nowadays in the USA there live representatives more than hundred ethnoses, scientists-ethnographers

unite them in three main ethnographic группы3:

1. Americans of the USA, or simply Americans, i.e. descendants of immigrants

the different nations for which English is now native.

2. The transitional immigrant groups including of people, rather recently

moved in the USA and yet not "naturalized" in this country.

3. Zhiteley aborigenov4 (Indians, Eskimos, etc.).

Americans of the USA make ѕ all population, natives – less than 1 %. That not

less, very many place names of the USA have the American Indian

origin.

On an indicator of average population density among 20 most occupied

the countries of the world of the USA take the 18th place.

Recently considerably increased internal миграции1 the population, in the first

turn of pensioners, from North states in South states. As a whole most quicker

the population of Texas, Florida and especially California grows.

The general population of the United States of America – 216,8 million people

(data for 1970).

On a political system of the USA – the federal republic consisting from 50

states. Each staff has the constitution, legislative and executive bodies of the power, elective governor, and also the

symbolics which is usually connected with their historical or natural

features. Besides, the Federal District of Columbia is separately allocated,

in which territory the state capital - Washington is located.

The federal device of the USA found reflection and on national flag

the countries which was confirmed soon after declaration of independence in

1776. In the left top corner of a flag the dark blue rectangle is located with

the white five-pointed stars which number corresponds to number of states,

entering into federation; it gradually increased. The fiftieth star was

it is put on a flag in 1959 a field of granting the status of staff Hawaiian

to islands. The panel of a flag consists from 13 alternating white and red

the strips symbolizing the first 13 states, united in the uniform

state.

The head of state is the president who is elected for the term of 4 years.

The supreme legislative body – the congress (the House of Representatives and the senate).

U.S. Presidents from 1945 to 1999:

Truman Harry 1945-1953.

Eisenhower Dwight David 1953-1961.

Kennedy John Findzherald 1961-1963.

Johnson Lyndon 1963-1969.

Nixon Richard Milkhaus 1969-1974.

Ford Dzherald Rudolf 1974-1977.

Carter James (Jimmy) Earl 1977-1981.

Reagan Ronald Wilson 1981-1989.

Bush Dzhorzh 1989-1993.

Clinton Bill 1993-on the present

time.

At the moment when all problems of a post-war peace arrangement became in all

growth, died on April 12, 1945 Franklin Roosevelt, more than 12 years

dominating on the American scene and the having unknown international

authority. The solution of all problems laid down on vice-president Harry Truman,

replaced Roosevelt on a post of the president. Roosevelt's death and termination

wars turned back falling of its influence for democratic party.

Republicans on intermediate elections of 1946 achieved the majority in both chambers of the congress. Their victory on presidential election of 1948

seemed predetermined.

Truman in this situation should develop political strategy for

post-war America. In the field of domestic policy he suggested to continue

reforms of «a new course». Truman's administration carried out conversion of the military

industries, that is its transfer to production of not military production.

To avoid social shocks the law called Soldier's was passed

the bill about the rights. In 1946 the law on employment, which was passed

authorized the president to achieve such level of political activity,

which would correspond to a full employment of the population. In 1948 Truman

achieved increase in minimum wage, system expansion

social security and adoption of the program of construction of cheap dwellings. In

Formation of «the prosperity state» came to the end with the USA. In the field of the external

politicians it was headed for control of the USSR. Americans paid tribute

To Truman, having elected him in 1948 the president; to democrats, besides,

it was possible to return to itself the majority in both chambers of the congress.

In the 40th years lifting of fight of the American Blacks against the racial began

discrimination. By then their situation considerably changed. In years

wars labor demand increased in the industrial cities of the North of the USA, and

many Blacks left the South where they were plunged especially rigid discrimination and

were actually disfranchised. In the north Blacks actively joined in

political struggle. Their voices became help for democratic party,

which therefore should react to their requirements of the equal rights. In

Discrimination of Blacks when hiring on the federal was forbidden 1948

public service, preparation for discrimination elimination is begun in

armies. It caused the real revolt of democrat southerners; on elections of 1948 they

even nominated the candidate for president. But fight of Black

the people only entered a lifting strip The 22nd amendment which has come into force in 1951 to the constitution resolved only

one re-election of the president. The exception did only for Truman. However

its popularity because of the Korean war fell, and it didn't expose the

candidates. Republicans put forward very popular in America

the person – Dwight Eisenhower, the military hero, the commander-in-chief

incorporated strengths of allies. And he won elections. After

twenty years' break the republican occupied the White house.

Considering sometimes sharply critical relation of republicans to reforms

«new course», it was possible to expect elimination attempts «the state

prosperities». But contrary to expectations Eisenhower didn't make it. It lowered

taxes, cancelled some measures of the previous administration for regulation

the economy entered in days of the Korean war, but no more. President

Eisenhower, thus, fixed developing in the American society

unanimity in an approach to «the prosperity state» as necessary

to attribute of modern society.

In the 50th years the new stage was entered by movement for the civil rights

Black population. Martin Luther King became his recognized leader,

the Baptist pastor, suggested to use in fight tactics

nonviolent actions. Use of this tactics promoted

to involvement in movement of considerable mass of the Black population. In 1955

to year King organized boycott of the bus companies in Alabama, carrying out

segregation of passengers, that is allocating in place buses only for

"white" and only for "black". In 1956 the Supreme court recognized such

segregation of the contradicting constitution. Still earlier Supreme court recognized

illegal a segregation at schools. But these decisions of the highest judicial authority

encountered mass resistance white in the south of the USA. In 1957,

to provide possibility to attend high school for white 9 black

to school students, Eisenhower was compelled to send to the city Littl-Rock (staff

Arkansas) 1000 parachutists. The 50th years were for years safe, and after the completion of the Korean war

the peace. Americans tasted for the first time fruits «the prosperity states». Having become

"consumer society", the USA lost for a while the dynamism. By the end of the 50th

years their begun backlog already began to be felt. Western Europe and

Japan developed quicker, their competition in the world markets became

the more and more notable. Americans began to show concern.

On elections of 1960 of democrats put forward John's candidate for president

Findzherald Kennedy urging fellow citizens to answer a call and

to show to the world ability of America to changes. Its victory on

elections led to revival of reformatory activity.

Kennedy's administration took measures for stimulation of economic growth;

offered the Apollo program disembarkation of Americans on was which purpose

To the moon. In Kennedy's foreign policy, showing readiness to go on compromises

The USSR, nevertheless, appeared rather rigid partner during time

Caribbean crisis. Its promising political career, however, was

it is interrupted. On November 22, 1963 it was killed in the Texas city of Dallas.

The murderer – Whether Harvey Oswald - was detained, and soon shot, was lost and

shooting at it.

The 60th years became time of unprecedented political lifting.

The situation in the country was heated. The violence wave fell upon it. Occurred

series of political murders. After John Kennedy was lost in his 1968

brother Robert who has proposed himself as a candidate on presidential election, in that

to year the racist shot Martin Luther King, the death caused it

Black excitements on all country. In 1968 democrats were doomed

on defeat, Richard Nixon, eight years borrowing vice-was the favourite

presidential post at Eisenhower. He called for folding of American

participations in the Vietnamese war and to establishing order within the country.

In the 70th years grass-roots movements come to naught. But not only politician Nixon

was to that the reason. Crisis decade, economic began the environment sharply changed, moods of Americans changed also. Except

that, the most part of requirements of grass-roots movements was satisfied. Racism

it was put beyond the law, and in 1972 the 26th amendment came into force to

the constitutions, given a youth vote since 18 years. Now in the center

attention there were economic problems – the following one by one

economic crises, shortage of energy, inflation.

Nixon reacted to these problems new expansion of the state

regulations. For the first time control was entered into a peace time over the prices,

number of the Americans receiving any welfare payments,

reached astronomical figure, billion dollars were spent on

implementation of projects of achievement of «power independence». But in

the moment of the maximum expansion of functions of the state the negative came to light also

consequences of it.

In 1872 during the next election campaign employees of Nixon,

proposed himself as a candidate on re-election, tried to establish

overhearing equipment in headquarters of his rival from the democratic

parties which settled down in Uotergeyt hotel in Washington.

Malefactors were caught in the act. But when began

trial of this business, Nixon, won elections, used the

powers to prevent a consequence. The congress decided to bring action against

him. Under the threat of discharge from a position for excess of powers,

Nixon in 1974 resigned. Such happened for the first time in history

USA. The left Nixon's place was occupied by vice-president Gerald Ford. To prestige

the serious damage was caused to Republican Party. In 1976 on

the next presidential election the victory was gained by the little-known politician,

governor of the State of Georgia, democrat Jimmy (James Earl) Carter.

In days of its presidency there was a change in moods of American

societies. It was convinced of impossibility of an exit from a crisis state with help of state regulation. For democrat Carter it had

fatal consequences as democrats associated with

«the prosperity state», and these changes in moods played into the hands

to republicans. The begun changes in world politics gave an occasion

to criticize administration for weakness. In 1980 republican Ronald

Reagan won a victory, calling unfortunately the state intervention

and to more resolute foreign policy.

Having begun with reduction of taxes and increase of discount rates Federal

reserve management - the central bank of the USA, Reagan caused literally

economic shock. Unemployment almost doubled at once, but inflation it was possible

to stop, and since 1983 the economic recovery began. Having reduced a little

social expenses, administration carried out the largest for the peace

time rearmament program. The American army received the various

the latest arms, and in 1983 work on creation began

antimissile defense of the USA with elements of space basing (SOYA).

Extension of military muscles was accompanied by anti-communistic rhetoric

in the spirit of the 50th years. However Reagan appeared rather flexible politician,

to sit down at a negotiating table with communist M.S.Gorbachev in 1985 and

to open thereby new chapter in the world politics which has come to the end with the termination

«cold war». In 1984 Reagan rather easily achieved

re-elections. In 1988 Dzhorzh Bush, was elected eight years the president to

it a holding post of the vice-president. It generally continued policy

the predecessor.

In 1992 when Bush achieved re-election, in presidential campaign

the independent candidate, the Texas businessman, billionaire Ross interfered

Feather. Making the program closer to the program of republicans, it

"delayed" on itself a part of the voices which have got to Bush. Forward, as a result,

there was a little-known democrat the governor of the State of Arkansas, Bill (William D.) Clinton. He received 43 % of voices, Bush-38 %, a % Feather-19. Clinton continued

the fight begun by republicans against inflation. At the same time he tried

to carry out health care reform. To America medicine expensive and much

inaccessible, though high level. It wasn't possible to it. Americans on -

to the former treated with mistrust everything that provided strengthening

state roles. On intermediate elections of 1994 republicans achieved

control establishments over both chambers of the congress of the USA. Such victory they

didn't gain since 1952.

As the most powerful and developed country of the modern world of the USA play

important role and in the international economic organizations. Perhaps, most

to the characteristic USA for a position in these organizations is constant

aspiration to defend and strengthen the special leading situation. This line

quite often conflicts to the nature of the international

the economic organizations which inherently are multilateral and

are intended for the account and coordination of interests of all participants. Apropos

activity of the international economic organizations and a role of the USA in this

activity in modern conditions there are extensive researches. In

conditions of growing globalization of world economy, internationalization

financial markets and more and more close interlacing of interests various

groups of the states there was a need of creation rather considerable

fund of the general resources for investment, economic growth and

social development. This task couldn't be solved by IMF independently. In

its implementation the major role belonged to the USA which convinced a row

other donor countries of IMF to go on creation of such fund. At the same time,

globalization led to increase of risk of that loss of trust of the market can

to cause exhaustion or capital outflow from the countries enduring the economic

difficulties. It was shown fully by world financial crisis1997-1998, captured South East Asia, Russia, and also Brazil and

other developing Latin American markets. On the international

to the consequences expressed in prompt falling of exchange rates and

stock quotations, financial crisis hadn't equal for all post-war

history. Due to the financial crisis in Asia the IMF creates in December, 1997.

the mechanism of additional reserve crediting (SRF) for rendering

to member states of the help in overcoming of consequences of a collapse regional

financial and share markets. But in view of that fact that

financial and economic safety in the modern world, during the period after

the terminations of «cold war», becomes not less, and in many cases, more

important factor of the international stability, than military safety, IMF and

the world community should go on strengthening of political control for

Fund work from the party not only one USA, and more wide range

influential states. It would make IMF of more democratic

international organization capable more completely to consider and express interests

the numerous participants.

The United States of America – the main country modern капитализма1 (2.5

industrial production of the world). The economy of the USA is supervised by the largest

in the world монополиями2 "General Motors", "Standard Oil", "Dupont", etc.

The USA – the exporter of the capital largest in the capitalist world. Economy of the USA

it is subject to cyclic crises. In 1976 number of the completely jobless

7,3 million people.

In the capitalist world of the USA take the 1st place (1976) on coal mining (615

million tons), oil (394 million tons), natural gas, uranium,

to electricity generation (the 2200th billion kWh), became (the 116th million

tons), aluminum (primary (4,1 million tons), cars (9,4 million

tons), plastic (13,5 million tons), planes, the 2nd on oil production (424

million tons). Are strongly developed the chemical, petrochemical industry, production of machines, industrial and power equipment,

agricultural and road-building cars. The new develop

the branches which have been especially connected with military production: space-rocket,

electronic, nuclear, etc. Agriculture high-intensity, main

large-scale capitalist farms of industrial type give mass of production.

Foreign trade turnover of the USA in 1977 (in billion dollars): export – 119,0,

import – 157. Main foreign trade partners: Canada, Japan, Germany. Export

in the USSR made 2,3 billion dollars, an import – 0,27 billion dollars.

In the XIX century, having overtaken Great Britain, the USA came out on top in the world on

to industrial output. And nowadays they take priority in

labor productivity, in the majority of the knowledge-intensive productions. It was possible to them

also to keep advantage and in some traditional branches

the industry and agriculture, and as in the non-productive sphere.

It is the share of the USA more ѕ all release aviaraketno-space, 2.3

electronic computer facilities, more Ѕ coal mining and capacity of the nuclear power plant,

about 1.3 collecting grain in the Western world.

The industry of the USA differs high level, production and

territorial concentration. It is guided as by release mass,

serial, and especially difficult, unique production. Products with brand

«It is made in the USA» have high quality and are appreciated in the world market.

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