The unwitting guinea pig is also blissfully ignorant of the fact that the system can offer a dozen or so different instant translations to choose from, for each source document, into each known language or code. He just thinks he is doing quite well... and enjoying the cocktail.
But that trick of offering twelve parallel translations in each language is just a little extra challenge the team of scientists have set themselves. To put some fun into an otherwise boring experiment.
Who cares about getting translations done anyway? And about having a choice of languages into the bargain? Except, maybe, a handful of originals who haven't surrendered to either SMOG (Standard MOdern Globlish) or IBM (International Business Mandarin), and insist on speaking the ancient dialects (sorry, languages!).
Just like that funny-looking, funny-sounding professor the other day on the WVU (World Virtual University) channel, talking about the translation of some antiquity: novels? poems? lieds? Ah! lieder? Yes, lieder. Or maybe not. Well, anyway, something from ages ago. Centuries B.G.[18]
Glossary
Active language The language into which the translator is deemed to be able to translate professionally, i.e. the native language or the main language when the latter has mother tongue status.
Agent/Agency A person or company acting on behalf of a buyer of translations (i.e. a work provider) in order to get the work done on the best possible terms. A person or company acting on behalf of a seller of translations (i.e. a translator) by finding the contracts the translator needs.
Assembly (and reassembly) The assembling of components, or sections, or parts.
Assumptions Everything that is necessarily true if what is being considered or stated is true.
Automatic dictionary A dictionary accessible via an electronic medium, offering infinitely easier and faster access than traditional paper dictionaries.
Autonomous translator A translator whose work does not require any revision.
Batch A section of material for translation designed to undergo some specific operation or process.
Batch allocation The allocation to different translators of lots or batches into which a translation has been split.
Batch translation Translation by lots or batches.
Bologna process The implementation of the Bologna Declaration (1999) that specified in particular that higher education institutions should set in place quality assurance and quality control procedures so as to allow comparisons between qualification levels in EU member states on the basis of common assessment criteria.
Bottleneck A particular stage in the translation process that reduces output capacity and slows down production.
Broker An agent who brings one party to a transaction in contact with another party to the same transaction.
Brokerage firm A company that acts purely as a middleman between the client and the translation provider, without being involved in any way in the actual translation process proper.
Brokerage/Brokering The purchase and sale of translations with no part of the translating done by the broker.
Button An object on screen, often shown in 3-D, on which the user is invited to click to trigger an action.
CAT (Computer-assisted translation) Translation carried out by a human translator with the help of translation software.
Checking/Check Checking the absolute compliance of a translation with all the specifications and the material constraints applicable. More precisely: checking the material integrity and accuracy of a translation, i.e. that everything that needed translating has been translated with due care; that the format complies with the required style sheet or graphic charter; that grammar and spelling are correct; that the terminology is homogeneous and complies with specifications.
Concept In the thought process, a mental representation of a person or thing, quality, action, location, situation, or relation, etc. which is usually designated by a term.
Conference interpretation/interpreting Simultaneous or consecutive interpreting carried out in the formal context of a meeting or conference.
Consecutive interpretation/interpreting Interpreting where the interpreter translates coherent segments of discourse when the speaker pauses.
Consecutive translations Several translations carried out in succession, with no overlap.
Contract manager (= file manager/job manager) The person responsible for managing a translation on behalf of the work provider and from the work provider's perspective.
Controlled languages Languages where the lexical and syntactical rules are such that ambiguity or fuzziness are greatly reduced or completely eliminated.
Corporate work provider A work provider with a large annual translation budget.
Database A large scale, structured and sometimes comprehensive set of interconnected data and software files, relating to a given subject and designed for a specific purpose, as, for instance, to help create, manage and access electronic dictionaries.
Deliverable translation A translation meeting such quality requirements as normally render revision superfluous.
Designation Any linguistic form used to designate a concept.
Desktop publishing/DTP A term usually used to describe the creation of printed documents using a desktop computer.
Detection (= Cueing) A shot by shot description of a film or video soundtrack (dialogue, music, and sound effects) designed to spot the time codes that will be used to guarantee a perfect synchronisation between sound and picture.
Dialogue box A secondary window requiring the user to enter information relating to an object in the main window or parameters for a given action.
Document management The management of any documentation.
Downloadable file A file found on a Web site, that can be saved onto a personal computer.
Dubbing Substituting a soundtrack in a foreign language for the original film or video soundtrack, so that the dialogue in the foreign version is synchronised with the lip movements in the original film or video.
Editing (Revision) The process of bringing a translation up to the quality required by implementing the necessary corrections and adaptations.
Editor (Reviser) The operator responsible for upgrading the translation and carrying out any corrections or adaptations needed to bring the translation up to the quality required.
Editorial translation The translation of documents requiring a degree of stylistic sophistication and virtuosity. By extension: translation for the publishing industry.
Executable version A computer programme which can be run directly by the processor, written in machine language and produced by compiling a source programme.
Expansion factor The differential between a translation and a source text in terms of volume - usually expressed as a percentage of the volume of the original.
Follow-up Anything that takes place after the translation has been completed.
Formatting The definition and application of a specific format to a digital document.
Frame Part of a Web page that remains independent from the other sections of the same page, and in particular, the part that remains visible on screen when moving from page to page.
Franchise The concession - against payment - of the right to use a specific kind of commercial know-how or a trademark in a given territory.
Freelance translator/Freelancer A translator working for her/his own account, who is not legally bound to an employer as a salaried operator.
Freeze (format/style sheet) Block any modifications to the format or style sheet of a document.
General translation The translation of documents which are not in any way specialised and/or are accessible to the general reader.
Icon A graphic symbol displayed on screen, which allows the user to select the particular function or software application represented by that symbol.
Indexing The generation of an index of keywords.
Information retrieval The retrieval of information from various documentation sources.
In-house translator A translator who is a salaried employee of a translation company or attached to a translation service.
In-house wording/in-house term or phrase Wording used by a particular company.
Knowledgebase Part of an expert system containing all the data, in particular pertaining to the rules and facts relative to the system, defining the remit of the system.
Language engineering The techniques and procedures used in automatic human language processing.
Language industries Anything having to do with the large-scale processing of linguistic material or the provision of services involving languages.
Liaison interpreting Informal interpreting where the interpreter translates verbal exchanges between members of a small group of people.
Link A connection between two documents available on the Web, activated by clicking on a graphic symbol or on a segment of text designated as a link, and which facilitates navigation within a Web site, or access to different pages that may be located in other Web sites and on remote computers.
Load smoothing The redistribution and rescheduling of activities so that the workload does not exceed production capacity. The balancing of various operators' workload.
Localisation The adaptation of a product and accompanying documents and materials for a certain market and/or group of users, taking into account specific cultural or linguistic features.
Localisation software Software designed to automate or facilitate all or part ofthe localisation process.
Localiser An operator involved in the adaptation of digital, digitized or digitally managed or processed material for use in a cultural and linguistic context different from the one for which it was originally designed.
Macro command (= macro) A computer programme which automatically carries out a specific predefined sequence of operations by repeating a command.
Mailing list A system that allows people to send to all of the other subscribers to the mail list so that people who may be using different kinds of e-mail access can participate in discussions together.
Mark-up Anything added to the content of the document to describe the text by indicating specific properties for each component item.
Match The perfect coincidence of meaning and form.
Match table A table containing matched text items in different languages which are deemed to be interchangeable in the same context and conditions: terminology matches, segment matches in translation memories.
Material The documents or items (i.e. text, code, soundtrack, menus, software application, etc.) for translation.
Measurement Assessment of the volume of material for translation (in terms of numbers of words or pages) or of the amount of work needed (in terms of time).
Multimedia product Interactive digital material including text, sound, images and video.
Can be an offline product (i.e. a CD-Rom) or an on-line product (i.e. a Web site).
Multiple pass translation A translation done in successive passes, where the first (junior) translator translates only whatever he/she knows is totally adequate, the second (more experienced) translator adds his/her contribution, and so on until the translation is complete.
No-frills translation A translation which does not necessarily comply with the original style and register, and which aims purely to transfer the original information as clearly as possible.
Neology The creation of terms.
Online help All the information that can be directly displayed on screen at the user's request, designed to facilitate and improve use of a software application.
On-line QC/QA The process of checking that a Web site or software application is fully operational under the actual conditions in which they will be used.
Outlaw A translator who does not pay any tax or social security contributions.
Overtitler (= Surtitler/Supertitler) The operator responsible for creating the over- titles (and, more often than not, actually displaying them during the live performance).
Overtitling (= Surtitling/Supertitling) The process whereby text is displayed above a stage in a theatre or opera house, to provide the audience with information about the performance or a translation of the dialogue.
Page makeup/Layout The preparation of a document (i.e. text, graphics, photographs, etc.) ready for printing.
Parallel translations Translations carried out at the same time.
Passive language A language which the translator can work with as a source language, but not as a target language (i.e. which she/he does not master sufficiently to comply with the required quality criteria).
Pencil and rubber assisted translation (PRAT) A translation done without using anything but paper and pencil.
Phraseological match list/ Phraseological match table The list of phrases or formulations for use in a translation, matched with the source phrases or formulations that they will replace.
Phraseological resources Dictionaries listing set phrases and linguistic stereotypes used in connexion with particular items or domains or activities or document types.
Phraseologist The operator responsible for processing the set phrases used in a given specialised field, a particular type of material or a given type of language.
Phraseology All the stereotyped phrases or segments used in a given specialised context.
Phraseology for translators Phraseological matches collected and validated in such a way that they can be used by translators.
Phraseology mining software/system Software designed to extract certain phrase segments from a corpus, on the basis of declared specific features.
Plain translation A translation which does not necessarily comply with the original style and register, and which aims purely to transfer the original information as clearly as possible.
Platform An IT environment, i.e. PC, Mac, UNIX...
PM (Project manager) The operator responsible for defining, planning, scheduling, managing, monitoring, controlling and reviewing a translation project.
Pop-up A small window that opens automatically above the main page when the user accesses a Web page. It may contain an advert, a help message, an invitation to respond to an online survey, etc.
Post-editing The revision of translations produced by translation engines, also called automatic translations.
Post-editor The operator responsible for upgrading (revising) the translation generated by a translation engine.
Post-translator An operator responsible for all operations carried out after the transfer phase and before dissemination, involving proof-reading or editing, rewriting, formatting, installation on a particular medium, etc.
PRAT (Pencil and rubber assisted translation) A translation done without using anything but paper and pencil.
Prepared translation The translation of material that has been pre-processed to include some of the terminology and phraseology required as well as indications on how to translate and accompanied by information and documentation designed to help the translator.
Pre-processed version A version of material for translation including various predetermined markers and tags indicating specific processing requirements and in some cases, including the terminology and even the phraseology required for the translation (or part of the translation).
Pre-translation All the operations carried out prior to the translation proper.
Pre-translator The operator responsible for all the operations carried out prior to the transfer phase (i.e. analysis, documentation, terminology, etc.).
Prime contractor In a sub-contracting agreement, the company sub-contracting to another company part or all of a job it has contracted to carry out for a work provider under a private or public procurement contract.
Project manager/PM The operator responsible for defining, planning, managing, monitoring, controlling and reviewing a translation project.
Proof-reader/Proofreader An operator responsible for checking the quality of a translation, correcting the most obvious deficiencies and identifying likely anomalies.
Proofreading A quality control process whereby likely translation errors or anomalies are identified and obvious linguistic or material errors corrected. The translator, not the proof-reader, is then responsible for making the necessary corrections or amendments.
Prospect management/Pre-sales The management of potential clients.
Pseudo-cloning of sites The translation of the contents of a Web site, and modification of part of its architecture, generally by adding or integrating new features (by creating or modifying links or by creating or modifying runtimes or static or dynamic help functions) or by using a different site creation software application.
Pure text translation The use of basic word processing to translate text alone, excluding any other material included in or provided with the text.
Pure translation The use of basic word processing to translate text alone, excluding any other material included in or provided with the text.
QA (Quality assurance) Anything having to do with ensuring that the translation process will produce a result that meets all applicable quality standards required.
QC (Quality control) The process of checking that a product complies with all the expected quality criteria.
In common parlance: all the operations required to ensure that the product complies with the required quality criteria (usually synonymous with 'revision' when referring to translation).
Qualification of the translation An in situ test of the effectiveness of a translation (for instance by using the translated version of a user guide to operate a machine or use a product).
Qualified translation A translation which has been tested and passed as suitable for the purposes for which the source material was originally designed, especially when the material is part of a product or process.
Quality assurance (QA) Anything having to do with ensuring that the translation process will produce a result that meets all applicable specifications and quality standards.
Quality check The act of checking that a product complies with all the expected quality criteria.
Quality control/QC The process of checking that a product complies with all the expected quality criteria.
In common parlance: all the operations required to ensure that the product complies with the required quality criteria (usually wrongly equated with 'revision' when referring to translation).
Radio button An option button used, for instance, to change the size of a window.
Raw materials Terminology, phraseology, templates and any knowledge that will be input into the translation process and the translation.
Readme file A file containing information on a software application, thus called because this is usually the name given to the file, followed by the relevant extension.
Reviser The operator responsible for upgrading the translation and carrying out any amendments, corrections or adaptations needed to bring the translation up to the required quality level.
Revision The process of bringing a translation up to the quality required by implementing the necessary amendments, corrections and adaptations.
Rewriting The act or process of rewriting a text or document.
Scheduling The setting of dates for the beginning and the end of a sequence of activities or operations. Operations may be scheduled forward (moving forward from the moment the translation starts or start date) or backwards (moving back from the deadline or end date)
Script A written document describing each scene of a film, produced before the film is actually shot.
By extension: the transcript of film dialogue.
Seconded translator/Translator on secondment A translator employed by a translation company, seconded to work on a work provider's premises.
Selective translation (part translation) A translation in which only such information as has relevance for the client's purposes is kept. Relevance is usually determined with reference to one or more keys or 'items' that the client specifies.
Self-check forms Forms made available to the users of a particular Web site to allow them to test their knowledge or know-how.
Sequence The sequence in which various operations or activities must be carried out.
Simplified language/Controlled language A language in which any ambiguity is reduced or eliminated by applying a set of lexical or syntactical rules (i.e. via mandatory or proscribed word forms or sentence structures).
Simulation (1) The integration of subtitles in a video in order to check that they fit the dialogue and are perfectly readable.
Simulation (2) The temporary inclusion of subtitles to check that they are seman- tically and technically accurate and fit the display specifications.
Site cloning/Website cloning The process of re-integrating all the components of a Web site into the original site matrix and site architecture after translation, without further modification.
Site referencing The choice of special markers and keywords to ensure that search engines identify a Web site.
Sizing/Measurement Assessment of the volume of material for translation (in terms of numbers of words or pages) or of the amount of work needed (in terms of time).
Smoothing of workloads The redistribution and rescheduling of activities so that the workload does not exceed production capacity. The balancing of the workloads of various operators.
Software localisation (software translation) All the operations necessary to create a specific version of a software application, along with all its accompanying material (Readme file, cover, online help, user guide, installation guide, etc.), so that it works smoothly and effectively and without any limitations whatsoever in a specific cultural and linguistic context different from the one for which it was originally designed. Mostly applies to any changes in a software application designed to adapt it for other users than those for whom it was originally designed. Localisation may or may not entail changes or additions to the software functionalities.
Software localiser The operator responsible for adapting a software application for a specific geographical-cultural area and/or language variety.
Software package A full set of computer programmes, complete with documentation, designed for use by a number of users as a given application or function.
Software translation (see software localisation)
Soundtrack An audio recording including all the sound elements of a film (i.e. voice-off narrative, dialogues, sound effects and music).
Source A presentation in readable text form of the sequence of coded instructions assembled by a computer programmer.
Source language The language of the material to be translated.
Source unit/Source item The basic unit in the source material.
Specialised translation The translation of materials relating to specialised subjects (i.e. technical or other) and/or translation requiring particular expertise in the use of special tools, techniques or procedures.
Speech recognition The conversion of a stream of speech into a text.
Speech synthesis The conversion of a written text into a stream of speech.
Spin-off A system whereby a company or group helps one or several of its employees to set up their own business.
Subcontracting translator/Subcontractor A translator who carries out work for a company without being a salaried employee of the company.
Subtitler The operator who creates the subtitles.
Supertitling (= Overtitling/Surtitling) The process whereby text is displayed above a stage in a theatre or opera house, to provide the audience with information about the performance or a translation of the dialogue.
Subtitling package Software designed to automate all or part of the subtitling process.
Summary translation A type of translation in which the information is presented as tables, synopses, or summaries. Maybe tabular, synthetic, analytical or itemized.
Swelling factor/Swelling coefficient The differential between a translation and a source text in terms of volume, usually expressed as a percentage of the volume of the original.
Synoptic translation A type of translation in which the information is presented as tables, synopses, or summaries. Maybe tabular, synthetic, analytical or itemized.
Tag/marker An item of code designed to identify a specific feature or property of the segment before or after the marker or tag.
Target unit of translation The basic unit in the translated material.
TC In/ Time code In The marker indicating the beginning of a spoken sequence corresponding to a subtitle.
TC Out/Time code Out The marker indicating the end of a spoken sequence corresponding to a subtitle.
Technical writing The production of technical documentation relating to products, concepts, processes or subject areas.
Term bank A specialised dictionary, accessed and managed electronically.
Terminographer (also commonly called terminologist) The operator responsible for collecting, compiling, managing, updating and disseminating terminology (i.e. specialised vocabularies).
Terminological database/Terminology database A specialised dictionary compiled so as to be accessed and managed electronically.
Terminology A consistent and coherent set of designations used in a specific field.
Terminology The science of specialised vocabularies.
Terminology mining The extraction of terms from a corpus, on the basis of declared specific features. Also: the retrieval of terminology and/or terminological information.
Terminology resources Various potential sources of terminology required for a given translation, including dictionaries, catalogues, item lists, glossaries, indexed Web sites, etc.
Time code A code used to index each image on a tape in terms of hours, minutes and seconds or even fractions of a second - used as a marker indicating the beginning or end of a spoken sequence in a subtitled video or film.
Time code In (TC IN) The time code indexing the beginning of a dialogue segment (and the corresponding subtitle.)
Time code Out (TC OUT) The time code indexing the end of a dialogue segment (and the corresponding subtitle.)
Title card/card A printed text displayed on screen. Often used for film credits. Used to be standard in silent films to comment on the action, between two scenes.
Transfer Substitution of material in one language for equivalent material in another language.
Translating environment/Translation environment All the items that make up the translator's workstation and all the human, software and documentary resources put to use in the process of translating.
Translation for the publishing industry The translation of material designed to be published.
Translation agency A company acting as a middleman between the work providers (i.e. the clients) and the translators (i.e. sub-contractors), while carrying out part of the work in-house. A (generally) small translation company run by one or several translators.
Translation bureau An organisation responsible for carrying out translations for a major national or international institution.
Translation company A company whose registered business purpose and main activity is translation carried out by in-house translators or by translators on secondment.
Translation engine A software application designed to replace a text in one language by a supposedly equivalent text in another language, without human intervention.
Software designed to carry out translations without human intervention.
Translation firm (also: translation bureau) Professional translators working in partnership to provide their services in certain language combinations and in one or more specialised fields.
Translation for gisting purposes A type of translation designed to just give the reader 'a fair idea' of the information-contents of a source document.
Translation memory A file in table format with segments of a text in one language matched with segments deemed to be 'equivalent' in another language.
Translation/localisation/subtitling/editingKit All the hardware, software, documentary and other resources and references required by the translator, lo- caliser, subtitler or reviser, to carry out a given job.
Translation-ready version A version of material for translation which has undergone all the necessary pre-processing so that it is ready to be translated by a human translator or a translation system as the case may be.
Translator for the media A person who translates audiovisual material.
Translator with publishing firms A translator who translates work for publication, working for one or more publishers.
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