Diploma Thesis name:Learning application

Diploma Thesis name: Learning application

Contents

1. Arduino

1.1 History

1.2 Software

1.3 Hardware

1.3.1 Shields

1.3.1.1 LCD display

1.3.1.1.1 Overview

1.3.1.1.2 Advantages & disadvantages

1.3.2 Official boards

1.3.2.1 Arduino Mega

1.3.2.1.1 Overview

2. Learning application

2.1 Examples

1. Arduino

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the application of interactive objects or environments more accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed around an 8-

bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Pre-programmed into the

on-board microcontroller chip is a boot loader that allows uploading programs into the microcontroller memory without needing a chip (device) programmer.

Arduino boards can be purchased pre-assembled or as do-it-yourself kits. Hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino by hand. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced

1.1 History

Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design Institute

Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. At that time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at a cost of

$100, considered expensive for students. Massimo Banzi, one of the founders, taught at Ivrea.

A hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring design by Colombian student Hernando Barragan. After the wiring platform was complete, researchers worked to make it lighter, less expensive, and available to the open source community. The school eventually closed down, so these researchers, one of them David Cuartielles, promoted the idea.

The current prices run around $30 and related "clones" as low as $9.

1.2 Software

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce

programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch".

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common

input/output operations much easier. Users only need define two functions to make a runnable cyclic executive program:

· setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings

· loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.

1.3 Hardware

An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interc hangeable add- on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via

an I²C serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVRseries of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a

5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some

variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are

programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the

Arduino IDE, standard AVR ISP programming is used.)

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These

pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.10-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug- in application shields are also commercially available.

The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards.

There are many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and may be used interchangeably. Many are the basic Arduino with the addition of commonplace output drivers, often for use in school-level education to simplify the construction of buggies and small robots.

Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes permitting the continued use of Shields, sometimes not. Some variants use completely different

processors, with varying levels of compatibility.

1.3.1 Shields

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards make use of shields—printed circuit expansion boards that plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin-headers. Shields can provide motor controls, GPS, ethernet, LCD display,

or breadboarding (prototyping). A number of shields can also be made DIY.

1.3.1.1 LCD display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of

small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery- powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made

up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD

screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolescent for most purposes.

1.3.1.1.1 Overview

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between

two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular), the

axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

1.3.1.1.2 Advantages

· Very compact and light.

· Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use 30–50% of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern

LED backlit models typically use 10–25% of the power a CRT monitor would use.

· Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.

· No geometric distortion.

· The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.

· Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

· Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be placed farther back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain.

· Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when operated at native resolution.

· Emits much less undesirable electromagnetic radiation than a CRT monitor (in the extremely low frequency range).

· Can be made in almost any size or shape.

· No theoretical resolution limit.

· Can be made to large sizes (more than 24 inches) lightly and relatively inexpensively.

· Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale quantization, creating the illusion of higher image quality.

· Unconstrained by geographical (hemispheric) location of device with respect to

Earth's magnetic field.

· As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog.

1.3.1.1.3 Disadvantages

· Limited viewing angle, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intended viewing angle, by variations in posture.

· Uneven backlighting in some (mostly older) monitors, causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges.

· Black levels may appear unacceptably bright because individual liquid crystals cannot completely block all light from passing through.

· Only one native resolution. Displaying any other resolution either requires a video scaler, causing blurriness and jagged edges; or running the display at native resolution using 1:1 pixel mapping, causing the image either not to fill the screen (letterboxed display), or to run off the lower right edge of the screen.

· Fixed bit depth, many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262,000 colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

· Low refresh rate. All but a few high-end monitors support no higher than 60 or 75

Hz; while this does not cause visible flicker due to the LCD panel's high internal refresh rate, the low input refresh rate still limits the maximum frame-rate that can be displayed, negatively impacting gaming and 3D graphics.

· Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or through use.

· Subject to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and the effect may not be permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of hours.

· In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur, in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.

· Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.

· Loss of contrast in high temperature environments.

· Not usually designed to allow easy replacement of the backlight.

· Poor display in direct sunlight, often completely unviewable. Transflective LCDs provide a large improvement by reflecting natural light, but are dimmer when relying on the backlight and so they have only been adopted for specific outdoor uses.

· Cannot be used with light guns/pens.

· Hard to read when wearing polarized sunglasses.

1.3.2 Official boards

The original Arduino hardware is manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American company SparkFun Electronics.Sixteen versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced to date.

Example Arduino boards:

· Arduino Uno

· Arduino Mega 2560

· Arduino Fio

· Arduino Leonardo and Micro

· Arduino Esplora

· LilyPad Arduino USB

· LilyPad Arduino

· Arduino Mini

· Arduino Nano

· Arduino Pro

· Arduino Pro Mini

1.3.2.1 Arduino Mega 2560

Figure 1. Arduino Mega 2560 Front

Figure 2. Arduino Mega 2560 Back

1.3.2.1.1 Overview

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on

the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a

16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC -to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.

The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, which it replaces.

The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 in the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Revision 2 of the Mega2560 board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

· 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.

· Stronger RESET circuit.

· Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

Summary

Microcontroller ATmega2560

Operating Voltage 5V Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 16

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 8 KB EEPROM 4 KB Clock Speed 16 MHz

2. Learning application

Learning application it is application which helps to learn anything in my case, it helps to learn child reading,writing in lcd display.

My diploma is going to be learning application for children in LCD display programmed by Arduino, that’s why I introduced you about Arduino, Lcd display above.

Nowadays children do not want to learn, study. Reading books, writing to notebooks are boring for them, so I think it is perfect application for them.

2.1 Examples

Teaching for writing:

Figure 3. Figure 4.

Teaching to learning and remembering letters:

Figure 5.

References:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino#Official_boar ds

2. http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePag e

3. http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardMega256 0

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display#Advantage s

Name	Rassim
Surname	Suliyev
Email	[e-mail]
Phone	[phone]
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Date	12.02.2014

Supervisor Student

Name	Aidana
Surname	Syzdykova
Email	[e-mail]
Phone	[phone]
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Дата добавления: 2015-09-29