I can read a little French.

VERB	FORM	MEANING	EXAMPLES
CAN	1. can+simple inf. (all kinds of sentences)	ability, capability	I can read a little French. Can you write with your left hand? I cannot promise you anything.
could+simple inf. (all kinds of sentences)	- in past-time contexts - unreality in present-time context	He could read before he went to school.. That could be some other man..
*to avoid ambiguity use: was/were able to	He was able to do it.
**to emphasize whether the action was carried out or not use: to manage, to succeed,to fail	He managed to swim across the river. He succeeded to swim across the river. (more literary) He failed to swim across the river.
2. can+simple inf. (all kinds of sentences)	possibility due to circumstances	You can see a forest through this window. Can we use the indefinite article with this noun? We can't use this tense in this sentence.
could+simple inf. (all kinds of sentences)	refers the action to the past	You could see the forest through the other window before the new block of flats was erected.
could+perfect inf.	the action was not carried out	You could have seen the house form here if it hadn't been so dark.
could+simple inf.	expresses unreality	You could see the house from here if it were not so dark.
3. can/could+simple inf.	affirmative- permission interrogative- request negative- prohibition	You can use my car. Could I use your car? You can't use my car today.
4. can+simple inf. (in inter. sentences)	uncertainty, doubt	Can it be true?
can+perfect inf.	refers the action to the past	Can he have said so?
could+simple/perfect inf.	implies more uncertainty	Could he say so?
5. can/could+simple/perfect inf. (in neg. sentences)	improbability	It can't be true. She can't be telling lies. She can't have been waiting for us so long. She couldn't have said that.
	6. can/could+simple/perfect inf. (in special questions)	emotional colouring (puzzlement, impatience, etc.)	What can/could he mean? What can/could he be doing? Where can/could he have gone?
7. can/could+simple inf.	in adverbial clauses of purpose	He learns English so that he can work abroad. He went there so that he could talk to her.
Set phrases	He can't help crying. (Не мог не....) I can't but ask her about it. (Ничего другого не остается, как...) He can't possibly do it. (просто не мог...)
MAY	1. may+diff. inf. (in aff./neg. sentences)	supposition implying uncertainty (might implies a greater degree of uncertainty)	He may be at home. He may not be at home. He might be ill. He might have spoken to her yesterday.
2. may+simple inf. (in aff. sentences)	possibility due to circumstances	You may order a taxi by telephone. He said he might order a taxi by telephone.
might+perfect inf.	the action was not carried out due to circumstances	He might have fallen ill if he hadn't taken the medicine.
3. may+simple inf. affirmative interrogative (might+simple inf.) negative	permission r equest (a more polite request) prohibition	You may smoke in here. May I smoke in here? You may not smoke in here.
4. might+simple/perfect inf. (in aff. sentences)	reproach or disapproval	You might carry the parcel for me. You might have helped me.
5. may/might+simple inf.	in adverbial clauses of purpose, concession; in object clauses after expressions of fear	I fear he may fall ill. He is coming here so that we may discuss it. However it may be we'll go skiing.
Set phrases	May as well ù a mild way of expressing intention, Might as well -ú used to recommend an action Might just as well û (Пожалуй, можно было бы и....) It might have been worse. He might have been taken for a... If I may say so.
MUST	1. must+simple inf. (in aff./inter. sentences)	obligation (imposed by the speaker) duty, necessity	You must do it at once. Must we do it now?
Note: Absence of necessity is rendered by means of need.
2. must+simple inf. (in negative sentences)	prohibition	You must not go there now.
3. must+simple inf. (in aff./neg/ sentences)	emphatic advice	You must come and see us some day. You mustn't cry.
4. must+diff. inf. (only aff. sentences)	supposition implying strong probability (in present)	Jane must be reading now. (mind the continuous inf.: Jane must read. - obligation) Ha must be over sixty. He must have fallen ill.
Note 1. Must can't be used to express a future action, use its equivalent to have to and modal words probably, evidently.	Probably he'll have to go there.
Note 2. To express negative meaning use:	He must have failed to... He must be unaware of... No one must have told him about it.
Set phrases	He must needs to go there. (Он непременно...) I must be off./I must be going. I must say/I must tell you that... You must come and....
TO HAVE TO	have to+simple inf. only (in all kinds of sentences)	obligation or necessity (imposed by circumstances)	He had to do it. Did he have to do it? He didn't have to do it.
Set phrases	We had better take shelter. We had better not go out.
TO BE TO	1. be to+simple inf. (in aff./inter. sentences)	obligation or necessity (resulting from an arrangement) previously arranged plan	We were to meet at 5. We are to discuss it next time.
	was/were to+perf. inf.	unfulfilled plan	I promised to go to the club but forgot. We were to have played a duet together.
	2. in reported speech (in neg./aff. sentences)	orders and instructions	You said I was to give you all the details I could.
	3. was/were to+simple inf. (in aff./neg. sentences)	something that is destined to happen	He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come. But it wasn't to be.
	4. be/was/were to+passive inf. (in all kinds of sentences)	possibility	He was often to be seen in the bar. Nothing was to be done.
	Set phrases	What am I to do? What is to become of me? Where am I to go?
OUGHT TO	1. ought to+simple/cont-s inf. (in aff./neg. sentences) (in inter.- should is used)	obligation (moral) desirability advisability	You ought to say a word or two about yourself. He oughtn't to mention it to anybody. At your age you ought to be earning your living.
ought to+perf. inf.	the desirable action was not fulfilled	He ought to have put everything off.
ought not to+perf. inf.	the undesirable action was fulfilled	I'm sorry I oughtn't to have said that.
2. ought to+simple inf. uncommon (in this case must is used)	supposition implying strong probability	The new sanatorium ought to be very comfortable.
	Set phrases	He ought to know it (= he is supposed to know it). You ought to be ashamed of yourself.
SHALL	1. shall+simple inf.+2/3 persons (in aff./neg. sentences)	obligation: promise, threat or warning	You shall have my answer tomorrow. You shall stay just where you are! He shall do as I say.
2. shall+simple inf.+1/3 persons (in inter. sentences)	obligation: asking after the will of the person addressed	Shall I get you some coffee? Who shall answer the phone? (Sentences are rendered in Russian with the infinitive)
3. shall+simple inf.+2/3 persons (in subordinate clauses)	obligation (not common, only formal/archaic style)	It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed.
SHOULD	*Is used with reference to the present/future and remains unchanged in reported speech.
1. should+simple/cont. inf. (in all kinds of sentences)	obligation with shades of desirability and advisability	It's late. You should go to bed. You shouldn't be sitting in the sun.
should+perfect inf. affirmative negative	a desirable action wasn't carried out an undesirable action was carried out	He should have told me about it himself. They shouldn't have concealed it from us.
2. should+inf.	supposition implying strong probability (not common, must is used)	The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.
3. Suppositional mood. Conditional mood.	I suggest ha should stay with us. If he should drop in, give him my message. She was afraid lest she should have done something wrong.
4. should+simple inf. a) rhetorical questions beginning with why b) object clauses beginning with why c) attributive clauses beginning with why after the noun reason d) in the following constructions e) in the set phrase	emotional should	a) Why should I do it? (С какой стати...?) b) I don't know why he should want to see George. c) I don't see any reason why he shouldn't be happy. d) The door opened and who should come in but Tom. e) How should I know?
should+perf. inf.	- in simple sentences refers the action to the past - in complex - denotes priority	I went into business as her partner. Why shouldn't I have done it? There were good reasons why she should not have played bridge.
5. - in object clauses after expressions of regret, surprise, (dis)pleasure	I'm sorry that you should think so badly of me. He was annoyed that they should have asked him about it.
- in object clauses after: a) it is natural, absurd, strange, odd, terrible, etc. b) it infuriated, surprised, puzzled, etc. smb. c) it is impossible, unlikely, improbable	a) It's strange that you should think so. b) It infuriated her that he should speak to her in such a tone. c) It's impossible that she should ever talk to him again.
- in the following constructions:	That it should come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!) To think that it should come to this! (Только подумать...) To think that it should have happened to me!
WILL/WOULD	will - the present tense would - the past tense/present unreality/a milder form of will
Parallel use
1. will/would+inf. (in aff. sentences)	habitual/recurrent actions implying willingness (will - uncommon, would - literary)	She will/would sit for hours under the old oak tree...
2. will/would+simple inf. (neg. sentences)	refusal to perform an action	The doctor knows I won't be operated on. He was wet through, but he wouldn't change.
3. will/would+simple inf. (in neg. sentences)	with lifeless thing that fails to perform its function	My pen won't write. The door won't open. (Никак не...)
will/would+1 person (in aff./neg. sentences)	to express will, intention or determination (*would denotes a future action viewed from the past)	I will make money, damn it! I said I would do anything for him.
Unreality
1. will/would+simple inf. (in inter. sentences)	willingness, consent (often a polite request)	Will you dine with me tomorrow? Would you do it for me?
2. will/would+simple inf. (in clauses of condition after if)	willingness, consent	If you will come now I will go with you. If you would stand by me I would have another try.
Not parallel use
1. will+simple/perfect inf. with 2/3 persons	supposition (not common)	This will be the school, I believe. (Это, по-видимому, и есть школа) You will have heard the news, I'm sure.
2. would+inf. (in aff./neg. sentences)	sarcasm at smth. that was to be expected	- Auntie Meg has been very brave. - Yes. She would be brave.
Note the use of will	Boys will be boys. Accidents will happen.
Set phrases	I won't have you speak to me like that. (Не допущу...) Would rather... Would mind...
NEED	Defective verb - has only the present tense form; remains unchanged in reported speech; is followed by the infinitive without to
1. need+simple inf. (in inter./neg. sentences)	necessity (in inter. - implies absence of necessity)	You needn't be afraid of me Need I repeat that?
2. need+perf. inf.	an unnecessary action was performed	You needn't have come. You needn't have told him that lie.
Regular verb - has all the forms; is followed by the infinitive with to; more common than the defective need, esp. in AE
need to+inf. (in inter./neg. sentences)	necessity	He didn't need to explain. Did you need to read all those books?
DARE	1. defective dare/dared+inf. ( in inter./neg. sentences, exclamations)	to have the courage or impertinence to do smth.	How dare you say that! How dare she come here! He dared not look at her.
2. regular dare to+inf. (in neg. sentences)	the same meaning	He does not dare to come here again. She told me she had never dared to ask him about it. No one dared to love in the house since.
Set phrases	I dare say I looked a little confused. (Очень возможно, пожалуй, полагаю, осмелюсь сказать)

Дата добавления: 2015-09-29