I can speak Japanese. senses about the future if you decide now at the moment of speaking

modal verbs

ability	I can speak Japanese. senses about the future if you decide now at the moment of speaking She is able to make people laugh.	She could / was able to speak Japanese. (repeated action) We were able to go on a three months tour of Australia. (single action) Other tenses- to be able/ manage/ succeed in.	Translation/ Paraphrase Уметь В состояние Удалось
Possibility (40-50%) ???? Astonishment disbelief	She can still be at work. (general possibility) They may/ might/ could have been working all day. (specific cases, you are not sure of anything, but there is a chance) Could/ might you get a promotion this year? (Present/ future?) (can-never) Couldn’t you …… Can it be so? Can she still be working? Can you have failed to see him? Can it be that you haven’t seen him?	She could be still at work. (general possibility)	Possibly Perhaps Maybe Может быть Возможно? Разве? Неужели?
Probability	We should see him there. She ought to be in Canada now. (Suppose it is true due to previous knowledge, it is logical)	They should/ ought to have started the lesson. (probably)	Probably Вероятно Очевидно
Strong likelihood	They will be in Spain tomorrow. (prediction, not 100%, but strongly believe)	They will have received them by now.	I expect it will be Скорее всего
Deduction	She can’t be at home as the light is on at her office. She must be working. (the evidence shows that yes) You have to be kidding.	They must have won the competition. They look very happy. (I’m sure, my assumption is based on evidence)	Должно быть Не может быть наверняка
Permission Request	You can/can’t have a party. (informal) Could I be excused? (More polite) You may enter the room. (Formal) Guests may not smoke in the room. (written notice) Might I bring the document? (Very formal, least formal) Would you mind opening the door? (polite, formal) Less formal: Will you do the shopping? Will you call me, won’t you? You might pass the salt.	He was allowed to/ couldn’t board the plane. He was allowed to see the patient. (no could) Perhaps, you would, if you would, would you like to, I should be/ I would be very grateful if/would be good/ kind enough to/ would be so kind as to/ I wish I would	Можно Разрешать
Prohibition	You can’t wear jeans at work. (you are not allowed by an existing law or an authority) You mustn’t walk on the grass. (it’s prohibited by a law or a person) You may not talk during the test. (it’s formal) You really shouldn’t/ oughtn’t to speak to your mother like that. (a weaker prohibition) You will not /shan’t do it, it’s very dangerous. (emphatic prohibition)	You couldn’t wear jeans at school. (general prohibition) They were not allowed to do it. (on special occasions) Is forbidden Is not permitted	Запрещать Нельзя Не позволять Не вздумай Не смей
Obligation	In some schools students have to wear uniforms. (outside our control, imposed by external circumstances) You must get up really. (Imposed by the speaker, gives a strong personal opinion, gives instructions) What time have you got to be at home? (informal) These pills are not to be taken with any other form of medicine. (formal instructions) You are to complete this work tomorrow. (out of an official arrangement /plan) You should be at school now.	I had to do more exercise because I was unfit. I strongly recommend There is no obligation to The plane was to have taken off at 3pm. (but it didn’t) to obliged/ to required / to be bound to (formal contexts) To be supposed to leave books but at school but often take them home. (informal, easily ignored)	Должен Обязан Приходится Следует
Necessity	You need (to) relax for a while. You have to do it before going home. We need it badly tomorrow. (imposed by the circumstances) I really must lose some weight. (imposed by the speaker)	They had to sell the house. they needed money. She needn’t have got a taxi. (but she did it) She didn’t need to pick up the children from the kindergarten, her husband did it.
Advice emotional colouring	You must take this pill. (strong advice) You should get more experienced before starting a company. (General) You ought to keep to the speed limit. (more formal, most people believe in it) You had better not keep her waiting. (specific situations, urgent, warning) Why should I do it? (to add some emotional colouring) Might as well – no reason for the action Shall / should I follow you? (asking for advice)	Criticism You should/ ought to have reserved a table. But you didn’t. It would have been better if you hadn’t kept her waiting.	Должен Следует С чего это я С какой стати И зачем только И с таким же успехом можно
criticism	You should/ ought to have reserved a table. But you didn’t. It would have been better if you hadn’t kept her waiting. You might/ could have told me. (a mild reproach)	It was advisable but … didn’t…	Не стоило Не следовало
willingness	The doctor willact as a witness to your signature. I would like to know the date of your birthday. I would hate to move to another place. I would enjoy seeing the film. I wouldn’t mind a cup of tea.	I would like to have felt more relaxed. (Wants now that something happened in the past, but it didn’t happen) I would have liked to be a teacher. (Wanted in the past that something happened, but it didn’t)
unwillingness	I have been trying to talk to him, but he won’t listen. The shop assistant wouldn’t change the jumper. (in the past)
Promise	I will do it.
Suggestion	You could phone her. Couldn’t we do it in the morning? Shall we go and see the doctor? I thought perhaps you might wan t to try another shop. I think it might be wise to get a new car. What about/ how about using my car? I suggest applying for the job./that he apply/he should apply.
Invitations and offers	Would you like a drink? Will you have another biscuit? I can/could take Daisy to the station. You must come and visit me. Let me take you to London. Come to my place. Do help yourself. Why don’t you come?/ How about coming to lunch?
A warning or threat	If you eat too much you will get fat. You shall pay for that. You’ d better help me. If you don’t there will be a trouble.
Typical behavior or habit	They will spend hours on the phone to each other every night. Every morning he would take the dog for a walk. (no state verbs) I used to be much slimmer when I was younger.

Дата добавления: 2015-09-29