Behaviorism definitions:

Behaviorism definitions:

Behaviorism as a theory of native language learning. The babies obtain native language habits via varied babblings (=responses) which resemble the appropriate words repeated by a person or object near him (=stimulus).

Operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning in which an individual's behavior is to be shaped.

Positive reinforcement - nis the strengthening of behaviour by the application of some event (e.g., praise after some behaviour is performed).

Negative reinforcement - is the strengthening of behaviour by the removal or avoidance of some aversive event (e.g., opening and raising an umbrella over your head on a rainy day is reinforced by the cessation of rain falling on you).

Punishment is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. Punishment may be positive or negative.

Verbal behavior is verbal kind of behavior that involves the same behavioral principles and concepts that make up the analysis of nonverbal behavior. Language is learned behavior under the functional control of environmental contingencies.

Bilingualism.

Bilingualism (Bloomfield): bilingualism is a «native-like control» of two languages. Bloomfield observed that bilingualism resulted from the addition of a perfectly learned foreign language to one’s own, undiminished native tongue;

he did rather confuse the issue, however, by admitting that the definition

of “perfection” was a relative one.

Weinreich (1953) simply defined bilingualism as the alternate use of two lan-

guages; in the same year.

Haugen suggested that bilingualism began with the ability to produce complete and meaningful utterances in the second language.

Bilingualism (Diebold): Diebold pointed out that if one wants to understand the process of becoming bilingual rather than simply the results, one must recognizea stage of «incipient bilingualism», at which familiarity with a second language does not enable the knower to produce well-formed utterence in the second language.

Multilingualism implies the cooccurrence of more than one language in society. Societies can achieve multilingualism simply by making more languages available for learning in universities and schools. So multilingualism is an

institutional or societal construct.

Plurilingualism means diversifying the individual’s use of languages in cultural contexts; interlocutors may switch between languages and dialects in order to achieve effective communication.

Multiculturalism (or ethnic diversity) relates to communities containing multiple cultures.

Multiculturalism is a body of thought in political philosophy about the proper way to respond to cultural and religious diversity.

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