#1 as
* Brenda Casey is the manager of a company. As the manager, she has to make many important decisions. ('As the manager' = in her position as the manager)
* During the war this hotel was used as a hospital. (so it really was a hospital)
like
* Mary Stone is the assistant manager. Like the manager (Brenda Casey), she also has to make important decisions. ('Like the manager' = similar to the manager)
* Everyone is ill at home. Our house is like a hospital. (it isn't really a hospital)
As (preposition) = 'in the position of', 'in the form of' etc.:
* A few years ago I worked as a bus driver. (not 'like a bus driver')
* We've got a garage but we haven't got a car, so we use the garage as a workshop.
* Many English words (for example, 'work' and 'rain') can be used as verbs or nouns.
* London is all right as a place to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there.
* The news of her death came as a great shock.
We say regard... as:
* I regard her as my best friend.
@p233
EXERCISES
116.1 (Sections A, B and Q Put in like or as.
1. It's raining again. I hate weather _like_ this.
2. Jane failed her driving test _as_ she expected.
3. Do you think Carol looks --- her mother?
4. He really gets on my nerves. I can't stand people --- him.
5. Why didn't you do it --- I told you to do it?
6. 'What does Bill do?' 'He's a student --- most of his friends.'
7. Why do you never listen? Talking to you is --- talking to the wall.
8. --- I said yesterday, I'm thinking of changing my job.
9. Tom's idea seemed a good one, so we did --- he suggested.
10. It's a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations --- this.
11. I'll phone you tomorrow --- usual, OK?
12. This tea is awful. It tastes --- water.
13. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was --- a bomb exploding.
14. She's a very good swimmer. She swims --- a fish.
15. I'm afraid I can't meet you on Sunday --- we arranged.
16. We met Keith last night. He was very cheerful --- always.
116.2 (Sections A and D) Complete the sentences using like or as + one of the following:
a beginner blocks of ice a palace a birthday present a problem a child a church winter a tourist guide
1. This house is beautiful. It's _like a palace._
2. Margaret once had a part-time job ---.
3. My feet are really cold. They're ---.
4. I've been learning Spanish for a few years but I still speak ---.
5. 1 wonder what that building with the tower is. It looks ---.
6. My brother gave me this watch --- a long time ago.
7. It's true that we disagree about some things but I don't regard this ---.
8. It's very cold for the middle of summer. It's ---.
9. He's 22 years old but he sometimes behaves ---.
116.3 (All sections) Put in like or as.
1. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak --- you.
2. Don't take my advice if you don't want to. You can do --- you like.
3. You waste too much time doing things --- sitting in cafes all day.
4. 1 wish I had a car --- yours.
5. There's no need to change your clothes. You can go out --- you are.
6. My neighbour's house is full of interesting things. It's --- a museum.
7. 1 think I preferred this room --- it was, before we decorated it.
8. When we asked Sue to help us, she agreed immediately --- I knew she would.
9. Sharon has been working --- a waitress for the last two months.
10. While we were on holiday, we, spent most of our time doing energetic things --- sailing, water skiing and swimming.
11. You're different from the other people I know. I don't know anyone --- you.
12. We don't need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them --- a study.
13. --- her father, Catherine has a very good voice.
14. The news that Sue and Jim were getting married came --- a complete surprise to me.
15. At the moment I've got a temporary job in a bookshop. It's OK --- a temporary job but I wouldn't like to do it permanently.
@p234
UNIT 117 As if
A. You can use as if to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels etc.:
* That house looks as if it's going to fall down.
* Ann sounded as if she had a cold, didn't she?
* I've just come back from holiday but I feel tired and depressed. I don't feel as if I've just had a holiday.
Compare:
* You look tired. (look + adjective)
You look as if you haven't slept. (look + as if + subject + verb)
* Tom sounded worried. (sound + adjective)
Tom sounded as if he was worried. (sound + as if + subject + verb)
You can use as though instead of as if:
* Ann sounds as though she's got a cold. (= as if she's got a cold.)
B. You can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though):
* Sandra is very late, isn't she? It looks as if she isn't coming.
* We took an umbrella with us because it looked as if it was going to rain.
* Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they're having a party.
* It smells as though someone has been smoking in here.
After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if/as though:
* It looks like Sandra isn't coming.
C. You can use as if with other verbs to say how somebody does something:
* He ran as if he was running for his life.
* After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing had happened.
* When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I was mad.
D. After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present.
For example:
* I don't like Norma. She talks as if she knew everything.
The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past ('as if she knew') because the idea is not real: Norma does not know everything. We use the past in the same way with if and wish (see Unit 38).
Some more examples:
* She's always asking me to do things for her--as if I didn't have enough to do. (I do have enough to do)
* Harry's only 40. Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he isn't an old man)
When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was:
* Why do you talk about him as if he were an old man?
* They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I'm not their son)
@p235
EXERCISES
117.1 Use the sentences in the box to make sentences with as if.
it has just been cut I'm going to be sick he hadn't eaten for a week she was enjoying it she had hurt her leg he meant what he was saying he needs a good rest she didn't want to come
1. Mark looks very tired. He looks _as if he needs a good rest._
2. Sue was walking with difficulty. She looked ---.
3. I don't think he was joking. He looked ---.
4. The grass is very short. It looks ---.
5. Peter was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly.
He ate ---.
6. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert.
She didn't look ---.
7. I've just eaten too many chocolates. Now I'm feeling ill.
I feel ---.
8. I phoned Emma and invited her to the party but she wasn't very enthusiastic about it.
She sounded ---.
117.2 What do you say in these situations? Use You look/You sound/I feel as if... Use the words in brackets to make your sentence.
1. You meet Bill. He has a black eye and some plasters on his face.
You say to him: _You look as if you've been in a fight._ (be/a fight)
2. Christine comes into the room. She looks absolutely terrified.
You say to her: What's the matter? You ---. (see/a ghost)
3. Sarah is talking to you on the phone about her new job and she sounds very happy about it.
You say to her: ---. (enjoy/it)
4. You have just run one kilometre. You are absolutely exhausted.
You say to a friend: I ---. (run/a marathon)
117.3 Make sentences beginning It looks as if.../It sounds as if...
you had a good time there's been an accident they are having an argument it's going to rain she isn't coming we'll have to walk
1. Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You say: _It looks as if she isn't coming._
2. The sky is full of black clouds. You say: It ---.
3. You hear two people shouting at each other next door.
You say: ---.
4. You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the road.
You say: ---.
5. You and a friend have just missed the last bus home.
You say: ---.
6. Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting things they did while they were on holiday. You say: ---.
117.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence using as if
1. Brian is a terrible driver. He drives _as if he were_ the only driver on the road.
2. I'm 20 years old, so please don't talk to me --- a child.
3. Steve has only met Nicola once but he talks about her --- a close friend.
4. It was a long time ago that we first met but I remember it --- yesterday.
@p236
UNIT 110 For, during and while
A. For and during
We use for + a period of time to say bow long something goes on:
for two hours, for a week, for ages For example:
* We watched television for two hours last night.
* Victoria is going away for a week in September.
* Where have you been? I've been waiting for ages.
* Are you going away for the weekend?
We use during + noun to say when something happens (not how long):
during the film during our holiday during the night
For example:
* I fell asleep during the film.
* We met a lot of people during our holiday.
* The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.
With a 'time word' (for example, the morning/the afternoon/the summer), you can usually say in or during:
* It must have rained in the night. (or... during the night.)
* I'll phone you sometime during the afternoon. (or... in the afternoon.)
You cannot use during to say how long something goes on:
* It rained for three days without stopping. (not 'during three days')
Compare during and for:
* I fell asleep during the film. I was asleep for half an hour.
B. During and while
Compare:
We use during + noun:
I fell asleep during the film.
Compare during and while in these examples:
* We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.
* Robert suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.
We use while + subject + verb:
* I fell asleep while I was watching television.
* We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday.
* Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.
Some more examples of while:
* We saw Amanda while we were waiting for the bus.
* While you were out, there was a phone call for you.
* Christopher read a book while I watched television.
When you are talking about the future, use the present (not 'will') after while:
* I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there. (not 'while I will be there')
* What are you going to do while you are waiting? (not 'while you will be waiting')
See also Unit 25.
@p237
EXERCISES
118.1. Put in for or during.
1. It rained _for_ three days without stopping.
2. I fell asleep _during_ the film.
3. I went to the theatre last night. I met Lucy --- the interval.
4. Martin hasn't lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil --- four years.
5. Production at the factory was seriously affected --- the strike.
6. I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything --- I three days.
7. I waited for you --- half an hour and decided that you weren't coming.
8. Sue was very angry with me. She didn't speak to me --- a week.
9. We usually go out at weekends, but we don't often go out --- the week.
10. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work --- six months.
11. I need a change. I think I'll go away --- a few days.
12. The President gave a long speech. She spoke --- two hours.
13. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat --- the journey.
14. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat --- eight hours.
118.2 Put in during or while.
1. We met a lot of people _while_ while. we were on holiday.
2. We met a lot of people _during_ our holiday.
3. I met Mike --- I was shopping.
4. --- we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.
5. --- our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.
6. The phone rang three times --- we were having dinner.
7. The phone rang three times --- the night.
8. I had been away for many years. --- that time, many things had changed.
9. What did they say about me --- I was out of the room?
10. Jack read a lot of books and magazines ---.I. he was ill.
11. I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately, I began to feel ill --- the meal and had to go home.
12. Please don't interrupt me --- I'm speaking.
13. There were many interruptions --- the President's speech.
14. Can you lay the table --- I get the dinner ready?
15. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat --- we were travelling.
118.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1. I fell asleep while _I was watching television._
2. I fell asleep during _the film._
3. I hurt my arm while ---.
4. Can you wait here while ---?
5. Most of the students looked bored during ---.
6. I was asked a lot of questions during ---.
7. Don't open the car door while ---.
8. The lights suddenly went out during ---.
9. It started to rain during ---.
10. It started to rain while ---.
@p238
UNIT 119 By and until, By the time...
A. By (+ a time) ='not later than':
* I posted the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. (= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)
* We'd better hurry. We have to be at home by 5 o'clock. (=at or before 5 o'clock, not later than 5 o'clock)
* Where's Sue? She should be here by now. (=now or before now - so she should have arrived already)
You cannot use until with this meaning:
* Tell me by Friday whether or not you can come to the party. (not 'Tell me until Friday')
B. We use until (or till) to say bow long a situation continues:
* 'Shall we go now?' 'No, let's wait until (or till) it stops raining.'
* I couldn't get up this morning. I stayed in bed until half past ten.
* I couldn't get up this morning. I didn't get up until half past ten.
Compare until and by:
#1 until
Something continues until a time in the future:
* Fred will be away until Monday. (so he'll be back on Monday)
* I'll be working until 11. 30. (so I'll stop working at 11.30)
#2 by
Something happens by a time in the future:
* Fred will be back by Monday. (= he'll be back not later than Monday)
* I'll have finished my work by 11. 30. (I'll finish my work not later than 11. 30)
C. You can say 'by the time something happens'. Study these examples:
* It's not worth going shopping now. By the time we get to the shops, they will be closed. (= the shops will close between now and the time we get there)
* (from a letter) I'm flying to the United States this evening. So by the time you receive this letter, I'll be in New York. (= I will arrive in New York between now and the time you receive this letter)
* Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
You can say 'by the time something happened"(for the past):
* Jane's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had gone. (= it took her a long time to get to the party and most of the guests went home during this time)
* I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished. (= it took me a long time to do the work and I became more and more tired during this time)
* We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Also by then or by that time:
* Jane finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the guests had gone.
@p239
EXERCISES
119.1 Make sentences with by.
1. I have to be at home not later than 5 o'clock. _I have to be at home by 5 o'clock._
2. I have to be at the airport not later than 10.30. 1 have to be at the airport ---.
3. Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party.
Let me know ---.
4. Please make sure that you're here not later than 2 o'clock.
Please ---.
5. If we leave now, we should arrive not later than lunchtime.
119.2 Put in by or until.
1. Fred has gone away. He'll be away _until_ Monday.
2. Sorry, but I must go. I have to be at home _by_ 5 o'clock.
3. I've been offered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide --- Thursday.
4. I think I'll wait --- Thursday before making a decision.
5. It's too late to go shopping. The shops are only open --- 5. 30. They'll be closed now.
6. I'd better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid --- tomorrow.
7. Don't pay the bill today. Wait --- tomorrow.
8. A: Have you finished redecorating your house?
B: Not yet. We hope to finish --- the end of the week.
9. A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here?
B: I don't think so. I'll probably have gone out --- then.
10. I'm moving into my new flat next week. I'm staying with a friend --- then.
11. I've got a lot of work to do. --- the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.
12. If you want to do the exam, you should enter --- 3 April.
119.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.
1. Fred is away at the moment. He'll be away _until Monday._
2. Fred is away at the moment. He'll be back _by Monday._
3. I'm just going out. I won't be very long. Wait here ---.
4. I'm going shopping. It's 4.30 now. I won't be very long. I'll be back ---.
5. If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received ---.
6. Last night I watched TV ---.
119.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time...
1 Jane was invited to a party but she got there much later than she intended.
_By the time she got to the party_, most of the other guests had gone.
2. I had to catch a train but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
---, my train had already gone.
3. I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. I called the police but it was some time before they arrived.
---, the two men had disappeared.
4. A man escaped from prison last night. It was a long time before the guards discovered what had happened.
---, the escaped prisoner was miles away.
5. I intended to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished my work much later than expected.
---, it was too late to go shopping.
@240
UNIT 120 At/on/in (time)
A. Compare at, on and in:
* They arrived at 5 o'clock.
* They arrived on Friday.
* They arrived in October./They arrived in 1968.
We use:
at for the time of day:
at 5 o'clock, at 11.45, at midnight, at lunchtime, at sunset etc.
on for days and dates:
on Friday/on Fridays, on 12 March 1991, on Christmas Day, on my birthday
in for longer periods (for example, months/years/seasons):
in October, in 1968, in the 18th century, in the past, in (the) winter, in the 1970s, in the Middle Ages, in (the) future
B. We use at in these expressions:
at night: I don't like going out at night.
at the weekend/at weekends: Will you be here at the weekend?
at Christmas/at Easter(but on Christmas Day): Do you give each other presents at Christmas?
at the moment/at present: Mr Benn is busy at the moment/at present.
at the same time: Liz and I arrived at the same time.
Note that we usually ask 'What time...?' (not usually 'At what time...?):
* What time are you going out this evening?
C. We say:
in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the evening(s)
* I'll see you in the morning.
* Do you work in the evenings?
but:
on Friday morning(s), on Sunday afternoon(s), on Monday evening(s) etc.
* I'll be at home on Friday morning.
* Do you usually go out on Saturday evenings?
D. We do not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every:
* I'll see you next Friday. (not 'on next Friday')
* They got married last March.
E. In a few minutes/in six months etc. = a time in the future
* The train will be leaving in a few minutes. (= a few minutes from now)
* Jack has gone away. He'll be back in a week. (= a week from now)
* She'll be here in a moment. (= a moment from now)
You can also say 'in six months' time', 'in a week's time' etc.:
* They're getting married in six months' time. (or... in six months.)
We also use in... to say how long it takes to do something:
* I learnt to drive in four weeks. it took me four weeks to learn)
@p241
EXERCISES
120.1 Complete the sentences. Each time use at, on or in + one of the following.
the evening the moment Sundays about 20 minutes 21 July 1969 he Middle Ages 1492 the 1920s 11 seconds Christmas the same time night
1. Columbus made his first voyage from Europe to America _in 1492._
2. In Britain most people do not work ---.
3. If the sky is clear, you can see the stars ---.
4. After working hard during the day, I like to relax ---.
5. The first man walked on the moon ---.
6. It's difficult to listen if everyone is speaking ---.
7. Jazz became popular in the United States ---.
8. I'm just going out to the shop. I'll be back ---.
9. (on the phone) 'Can I speak to Clare?' 'I'm afraid she's not here ---.'
10. In Britain people send each other cards ---.
11. Many of Europe's great cathedrals were built ---.
12. Bob is a very fast runner. He can run 100 metres ---.
120.2 Put in at, on or in where necessary. Leave an empty space (-) if no preposition is necessary.
1. a. I'll see you _on_ Friday.
b. I'll see you (-) next Friday. (no preposition)
2. a. What are you doing --- Saturday?
b. What are you doing --- the weekend?
3. a. They often go out --- the evenings.
b. They often go out --- Sunday evenings
4. a. Do you work --- Wednesdays?
b. Do you work--- every Wednesday?
5. a. We usually have a holiday --- the summer.
b. We often have a short holiday --- Christmas.
6. a. Pauline got married --- 1991.
b. Pauline got married --- 18 May 1991.
c. Chris is getting married --- this year.
120.3 Put in at, on or in.
1. Mozart was born in Salzburg --- 1756.
2. I haven't seen Kate for a few days. I last saw her --- Tuesday.
3. The price of electricity is going up --- October.
4. I've been invited to a wedding --- 14 February.
5. Hurry up! We've got to go --- five minutes.
6. I'm busy just now but I'll be with you --- a moment.
7. Jenny's brother is an engineer but he's out of work --- the moment.
8. There are usually a lot of parties --- New Year's Eve.
9. I hope the weather will be nice --- the weekend.
10. Saturday night I went to bed --- 11 o'clock.
11. I don't like travelling --- night.
12. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived --- 5 o'clock --- the morning.
13. The course begins --- 7 January and ends sometime --- April.
14. It was quite a short book and easy to read. I read it --- a day.
15. I might not be at home --- Tuesday morning but I'll probably be there --- the afternoon.
16. My car is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready --- two hours.
17. The telephone and the doorbell rang --- the same time.
18. Mary and Henry always go out for a meal --- their wedding anniversary.
19. Henry is 63. He'll be retiring from his job --- two years' time.
@p242
UNIT 121 On time/in time, At the end/in the end
A. On time and in time
On time = punctual, not late. If something happens on time, it happens at the time which was planned:
* The 11.45 train left on time. (=it left at 11.45)
* 'I'll meet you at 7.30.' 'OK, but please be on time.' (= don't be late, be there at 7.30) * The conference was very well organised. Everything began and finished on time.
The opposite of on time is late:
* Be on time. Don't be late.]
In time (for something/to do something) = soon enough
* Will you be home in time for dinner? (= soon enough for dinner)
* I've sent Jill her birthday present. I hope it arrives in time (for her birthday). (= soon enough for her birthday)
* I must hurry. I want to get home in time to see the football match on television.
(= soon enough to see the football match)
The opposite of in time is too late:
* I got home too late to see the football match.
You can say just in time (=almost too late):
* We got to the station just in time to catch the train.
* A child ran across the road in front of the car, but I managed to stop just in time.
B. At the end and in the end
At the end (of something) =at the time when something ends. For example:
at the end of the month, at the end of January, at the end of the match, at the end of the film, at the end of the course, at the end of the concert
* I'm going away at the end of January/at the end of the month.
* At the end of the concert, there was great applause.
* All the players shook hands at the end of the match. You cannot say 'in the end of something'. So you cannot say 'in the end of January' or 'in the end of the concert'.
The opposite of at the end is at the beginning:
at the beginning of January, at the beginning of the concert
In the end = finally
We use in the end when we say what the final result of a situation was:
* We had a lot of problems with our car. In the end we sold it and bought another one. (= finally we sold it)
* He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out of the room.
* Jim couldn't decide where to go for his holidays. He didn't go anywhere in the end. The opposite of in the end is usually at first:
* At first we didn't like each other very much, but in the end we became good friends.
@p243
EXERCISES
121.1 Complete the sentences with on time or in time.
1. The bus was late this morning but it's usually _on time._
2. The film was supposed to start at 8.30 but it didn't begin ---.
3. I like to get up --- to have a big breakfast before going to work.
4. We want to start the meeting --- so please don't be late.
5. I've just washed this shirt. I want to wear it this evening, so I hope it will be dry ---.
6. The train service isn't very good. The trains are rarely ---.
7. I nearly missed my flight this morning. I got to the airport just ---.
8. I nearly forgot that it was Joe's birthday. Fortunately I remembered ---.
9. Why are you never ---? You always keep everybody waiting.
121.2 Read the situations and make sentences using just in time.
1. A child ran across the road in front of your car. You saw the child at the last moment. (manage/stop) _I managed to stop just in time._
2. You were walking home without an umbrella. just after you got home, it started to rain very heavily. (get/home) ---.
3. Tim was going to sit on the chair you had just painted. You said, 'Don't sit in that chair!', so he didn't. (stop/him) I ---.
4. You went to the cinema. You were a bit late and you thought you would miss the beginning of the film. But the film began just as you sat down in the cinema. (get/cinema/beginning of the film) ---.
121.3 Complete the sentences using at the end + one of the following:
the course the interview the match the month the race
1. All the players shook hands _at the end of the match._
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