Genetically modified organisms

Genetically modified organisms

GM (. Genetically modified organisms, GMOs) - organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur in vivo, unlike mating or natural recombination. The relevant wording laid down in Article 2 of Directive 2001/18 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the release into the environment of genetically modified organisms.

Methods of GMOs

Get genetically modified organisms by methods of genetic engineering. For example, in gene transfer created outside the body recombinant DNA containing new or altered genes. Some artificial cell fusion procedures may also be considered as genetic modification. The technology allows you to transfer genes between species, providing organism new properties. It is used in both research purposes and in order to obtain economic organisms with qualities that are difficult or impossible to obtain classical breeding methods. Genetic modification in this case is focused, as opposed to random, which is inherent to natural and artificial mutahenezu.HMO bring together three groups of organisms - genetically modified organisms (TMG), animals (GMT) and plants (HMR).

The history of genetically modified organisms

In 1987 he was made the first field trials of genetically modified crops. As a result - tomato resistant to viral infections. In 1992 China began to grow tobacco, which is "not afraid" of harmful insects. But the beginning of mass production of GM products in 1994, when the US appeared tomato varieties FlavrSavr, are not spoiled during transport. It tomatoes with delayed maturation stored up to six months at a temperature of 14-16 degrees. Maturation occurs by placing it in room temperature. 1994 and is considered the official year of the GM products. In 1995, the US-based giant Monsanto launched to market GM soy RoundupReady. In plants DNA was introduced foreign gene to enhance the ability of culture to resist weeds. As a result, there is now a potato containing genes earthen bacteria killing Colorado potato beetle resistant to drought wheat, which implanted gene scorpion tomatoes with the genes Pleuronectes, soybeans and strawberries with the genes of bacteria.

List of plants grown with the use of genetic engineering is very large. It includes apple, plum, grapes, cabbage, eggplant, cucumber, wheat, soybeans, rice, corn and many other crops. The purpose of obtaining genetically modified organisms - improving the useful output characteristics of the donor organism and reduce the cost of products. Transgenic plants produce higher yields may have new features, enhanced decorative and nutritional value. GM varieties resistant to herbicides, unfavorable climate, damage during storage, stress, disease and pests. In addition, conventional products can give some new properties. For example, set decaffeinated coffee, strawberries with less sugar, rice with increased iron content. In today's world there are several tens of lines of GM crops: soybean, potato, maize, sugar beet, rice, tomatoes, canola, wheat, melons, chicory, papaya, squash, cotton, flax and alfalfa. In Ukraine, according to the State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy, 1 mln. Ha of fields planted with genetically modified soybeans, potatoes, corn, rapeseed, despite the fact that the growing of genetically modified plants in our country is prohibited. Proponents of the use of genetically modified organisms claim that GMOs - only salvation of mankind from hunger. According to scientists, the world's population by 2050. Can reach 9-11 billion. Naturally, there is a need for doubling, tripling or even global agricultural production. For this purpose, genetically modified plant varieties are great - they are resistant to disease and weather, mature faster and longer preserved, are able to produce their own insecticides against pests. GM plants are able to grow and bring a good harvest where "old" varieties simply could not survive because of certain weather conditions. It would seem that the need for GM stock. However, scientists proved that the consumption of foods containing GMOs causes: Food Risks • First of all, the use of GM food threatens the weakening of the immune system. As a result of the direct action of transgenic proteins is possible allergic reactions. Impact of new proteins produced by genes built is unknown. The man they had never used before and therefore it is unknown whether they are allergens. • Also the person has resistance to antibiotics, making the treatment of many diseases is very complex. Very often in the GM plant is introduced gene responsible for resistance to antibiotics as a marker gene. Many GM species contain antibiotic resistance genes. If the resistance gene transferred to pathogenic bacteria, they get immunity against antibiotics. Thus, conventional antibiotic treatment becomes less effective means. • A person is broken health due to the accumulation of herbicides, as GM foods have the ability to accumulate them. • risk of cancer. Consumption of GM products should protect children. Because the body, growing GMO may behave unpredictably most. Secondly, no transgenic products better do women planning pregnancy and breast feeding. It is also very attentive to GMOs should be people who are prone to allergies and completeness.

Environmental Risks

• There is a real danger of extinction of many plant species as well as for genetic modifications choose just a couple of grades and work only with them.

• Technology of genetically modified foods is extremely imperfect, because it is obvious that such products carry unpredictable danger.

• Also scientists conducting direct relationship between the consumption of transgenes and deteriorating health of mankind in the last ten years (obesity, cancer growth, various types of allergies).

Russian scientist Ermakova IV conducted a study on the impact of genetically modified soybeans in rats. In the experiment, rats were included in the daily diet of soy two weeks before mating. The result was found high mortality rats (over fifty per cent), and the surviving rats are not reproduced offspring. There were marked negative changes in the internal organs of animals. There have been huge changes as a negative character in the internal organs of rats. All this suggests global bisofery destruction as a result of infertility in the future. Many adverse effects of GMOs will be only through the generations. Most grown GM plants - a potato, soybean, corn, canola, tomatoes, zucchini and rice. Buckwheat is not yet subjected to modification. We use GM products are not necessarily pure, and often in processed, in the form of supplements - from popcorn, sauces, chips and ending with dumplings, flour, oil.

According to unofficial information in Ukraine in 2005, 45% of soybean crops have been genetically modified. According to the magazine "peak" (13-19 February 2001), the farm "Dawn" Rivne region grown GM potato variety "New Leaf" company "Monsanto", after which he sold to the public.

According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Ukraine, field trials of GM plants companies "Monsanto", "FAC", "Aventis" were also conducted at sites in Berezan (Kyiv region), in the village Dzendzelevtsy (Cherkasy region).

About 30% of coffee on the Ukrainian market - genetically modified.

The same situation with tea.

Genetically modified food additives, flavorings, E101 and E101 (B2, riboflavin) - added to cereals, soft drinks, baby food, food for weight loss. E150 (caramel); E153 (carbonate); Coloring E160 (beta-carotene, pro-vitamin A, retinol); E160b (annatto); E160d (lycopene); E234 (lowlands); E235 (natamycin); E270 (lactic acid); E300 (vitamin C - ascorbic acid); of E301 to E304 (ascorbate); of E306 to E309 (tocopherol / vitamin E); E322 (lecithin); of E325 to E327 (lactate); E330 (citric acid); E415 (xanthine); E459 (beta-cyclodextrin); of E460 to E469 (cellulose); E470 and E570 (salts and fatty acids); esters of fatty acids (E471, E472a & b, E473, E475, E476, E479b); E481 (stearoil-2-laktilat sodium); of E620 to E633 (glutamic acid and hlyutomaty); of E626 to E629 (huanilovaya acid Huanilat); of E630 to E633 (ynozynovoy acid and inozinat); E951 (aspartame); E953 (Isomalt); E957 (taumatyn); E965 (maltinol).

Most GMOs found in sausage products (85%). Especially densely saturated genetically modified soy sausage and boiled sausages, sausages. By the way, swarming transgenic and various semi-finished products - meat dumplings, pasties, pancakes. Popular ravioli "Levada" and "Three Bears", and most manufacturers of sausages found to use GMOs. In second place was located on GMOs baby food. 70% of baby food containing GM ingredients Ukraine. And to know that in a jar with a delicious sauce contains transgenes is practically impossible, because the label is not about writing. Among the manufacturers who do not stop using GM Nestle and Danone components, Similac.

The third position in the confectionery and bakery products. GM soy added to biscuits and chocolate, flour, candy and ice cream soda. To identify such additives for the average person can not. However, the bread is stale long - fully contain transgenes. Among the companies implicated in the use of GMOs Greenpeace, the famous Mars and Snickers, Cadbury, Coca-Cola, Pepsi. From domestic companies took voluntary testing confectionery company "Conti" and only its green products Znachek "GMO-free".

Transgenic soybeans are used in the production of fast food (McDonald's), condensed milk, sauces and ketchup (Heinz Foods).

In addition, the GMO (According to Greenpeace): 1. Chocolate bars Snickers 2. Pepsi 3. Seasonings Maggi 4. Pringles Chips

Since 2010 in the laboratories molecular genetic studies conducted 11 thousand. 720 testing samples of food raw materials and food for the content of genetically modified organisms. In 702 of them found GMO content (5.9% of samples tested). GMOs have been found, including a bakery, confectionery, sugar, meat and sausage products, meat preparations, dairy products and so on. Last year, the percentage of GMOs in food products was approximately at the same level - from 4 thousand. Tested 697 samples of foodstuffs and food GMOs contained in 254 samples (5.4%). Thus in 122 samples found GMO content above 0.9%. As UKRINFORM reported today at the center of standardization, metrology and certification accredited 14 laboratories of molecular genetic studies to host the qualitative and quantitative determination of genetically modified organisms in the product. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the state registration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) - sources of feed, feed additives and veterinary products containing GMOs or derived from their use. State Committee conducts state registration of GMOs. State registration of GMOs is conducted free of charge for a period of five years by making the State Register of genetically modified organisms - sources of feed, feed additives and veterinary products containing GMOs or derived from their use.

Ukraine will not be able to compete in the global market ahroproduktsyi unless vyroschuvatyme genetically modified plants, argue scientists. This year, the world's genetically modified plants planted 140 million hectares.

Growing transgene less harmful to the environment than the products which produce by means of high-technology, experts say.

In Ukraine could grow genetically modified soybeans, potatoes, corn and canola. In addition, the cost of plant protection products is much smaller and higher yields, scientists argue.

Nicholas Bezuglyi, vice president of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences "apples that give 50 tons per hectare during the vegetative period handled pesticides 36 times. If we grow genetically modified soybeans, it is treated herbicide only once. "

State Committee of Ukraine for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy intends to start conducting systematic verification of compliance with economic entities of legislation on labeling of food products to the content of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) - reported by the press office.

As noted in the report, investigation will at least once a month. The procedure for labeling of foods containing GMOs or produced from raw materials containing GMOs approved by the Cabinet of Ministers, according to which the lack of information about GMO (marked "GMO") subject to review in due Derzhspozhyvstandard order. Proof of this must be the test report (or certified copy) issued a research laboratory accredited in due course.

In 2010, the State Committee will create 17 laboratories for research on GMO products, RBC-Ukraine with a message on the head Derzhspozhyvstandard Lyudmila Losyuk.

"From 17 to 4 have already been metrological laboratory standardization, it is planned that the laboratory will be established in every regional center" - she said at a press conference.

The cost of equipment for laboratories depends on the country in which it is made, but in the range of 700 thousand. USD. 1 mln. USD. However, she said, the State Committee unfortunately no mechanisms retirement of products with GMOs.

90% against Ukrainian import of products containing GMOs. These are the results of a telephone survey conducted by the Institute Gorshenin.

The results show that most Ukrainian (85.6%) know what products containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the possible effects of consumption of these products. Not possess such information only 12.1% of respondents, while 2.3% - difficult to answer this question.

The vast majority of Ukraine (93.4%) believes that it is necessary to introduce mandatory labeling for foods containing GMOs. Do not see a need for such labeling only 2.5% of respondents.

Most Ukrainian (89.7%) believe that Parliament should pass a law banning the import to Ukraine and production products containing GMOs. The opposite opinion was expressed by only 5.2% of respondents.

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