Compositional speech Forms in a literary text

COMPOSITIONAL SPEECH FORMS IN A LITERARY TEXT

Composition in literature in general refers to the sum total of various means of building an integral coherent complex singularity of the form and the content of a work of fiction. Compositional speech forms refer to the features of how a composition is verbalized.

Table?? (***without examples)

Variants of Compositional Speech Forms

Criterion	Speech Forms	Interpretation
Type of Narrative	Narrative proper	Events presented in time and in an order; Includes almost the whole text – without the direct speech of characters
Description	Events are given in their simultaneity; Signs and properties of referents are specified
Argumentation	Expository writing (reasoning)	Reasoning that is based on the traditional scheme ‘thesis – arguments – conclusion’; Relation ‘reason – sequence’
Lyrical digression (лирическое отступление)	Author’s speech that directly expresses the attitude of an author to what is happening
Dialogue	Producing discourse of communicating persons; Exchange of characters’ statements in the process of their interaction
Personality of Narrator	Author’s narration	Author’s preferences and objections, beliefs and contradictions; Serves the major source of shaping up the author’s image
Entrusted / given from the personality of	A personage	The author’s function is entrusted to a personage
An onlooker	The narrative is given from the personality of a stranger, an onlooker
Represented speech	Another way of reporting a character’s speech, or, more commonly, thoughts (neither direct – is not given in quotation marks, no indirect – is not a retelling of the words of a character); as if he would think aloud
Grammatical Person	1^st
3^rd
Personage	Inner (internal) speech	Monologue (*conditionally – as any message implies a partner; it can be	Certain introspection of a person; as a stream-of-consciousness; thoughts of own personality from the 1^st person
Dialogue	Speaking to or arguing with own self (‘I’ and ‘Me’)
Outer (external) speech	Directly presented speech of personages
Chronotop (events in the relation of Time and Place)	In order	Chronological	Event after event in their historical chronological order, sequence
Non-chronological	Flash-back (analepsis)	Retrospection
Flash-forward (prolepsis)	Prospection
Of Impression	The writer starts with the image that creates the most powerful impact and then describes the peripheral or less compelling images
Spatial	Organizing physical descriptions of people and places
Duration	Relations between the length of time over which a given event occurs in the story and the number of narrative pages devoted to describing it
Frequency	Plot (& subplot or side story)	Exposition	Background (time, place, participants)	Their organization in a work of fiction (presence, order)
Knot	Precedent for the story to start
Complication	Rising action, development of the events, their increasing tension
Climax	The acmé of action
Denouement	The outcome, the completing result

Table?? (***with examples)

Variants of Compositional Speech Forms

Criterion	Speech Forms	Interpretation	Examples
Type of Narrative	Narrative proper	Events presented in time and in an order; Includes almost the whole text – without the direct speech of characters	Practically the whole story ‘The Black Cat’ by Edgar Poe (the exception – the direct speech of the main character – is found only in the end of the story)
Description	Events are given in their simultaneity; Signs and properties of referents are specified	The description of -a pet shop in ‘The Caged’ by L. E. Reeve, -parties Gatsby used to throw in ‘The Great Gatsby’ by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, -the lumber-room and the tapestry in ‘The Lumber-Room’ by Hector Munro
Argumentation	Expository writing (reasoning)	Reasoning that is based on the traditional scheme ‘thesis – arguments – conclusion’; Relation ‘reason – sequence’	‘… and she decided the next time to give him more of a visit (thesis). She would serve tea in the parlor. Father questioned the property of this (antithesis). Mother said, he is well-spoken and conduct himself as a gentleman (argument 1). I see nothing wrong with it. When Mr. Roosevelt was in the White House he gave dinner to Booker T. Washington (argument 2). Surely we can serve tea to Coalhouse Walker Jr. (conclusion)’ (‘Ragtime’ by E.L. Doctorow)
Lyrical digression	Author’s speech that directly expresses the attitude of an author to what is happening	Often is met in ‘The Moon and Sixpence’ by Somerset Maugham, for instance: -‘To my mind the most interesting thing in art is the personality of the artist; and if that is singular, I am willing to excuse a thousand faults’, ‘The faculty of myth is innate in the human race’ (Ch.1), -‘A painter’s monument is his work’ (Ch.2), the whole last paragraph of the 2^nd chapter
Dialogue	Producing discourse of communicating persons; Exchange of characters’ statements in the process of their interaction	Almost all works of fiction have dialogues included in their texts
Personality of Narrator	Author’s	Author’s preferences and objections, beliefs and contradictions; Serves the major source of shaping up the author’s image	‘The Time of My Life’ by Denis Healey
Entrusted / given from the personality of	A personage	The author’s function is entrusted to a personage	‘The Escape’, ‘The Moon and Sixpence’ by Somerset Maugham, ‘The Great Gatsby’ by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, story ‘The Black Cat’ by Edgar Poe
An onlooker	The narrative is given from the personality of a stranger, an onlooker	(3^rd Person narrative) ‘A Very Short Story’, ‘Cat in the Rain’ by Ernest Hemingway, ‘Tender is the Night’ by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Represented	Another way of reporting a character’s speech, or, more commonly, thoughts (neither direct – is not given in quotation marks, no indirect – is not a retelling of the words of a character); as if he would think aloud	‘… and she decided the next time to give him more of a visit. She would serve tea in the parlor. Father questioned the property of this…’ (‘Ragtime’ by E.L. Doctorow); ‘Walter Streeter pondered over this and began to wonder about a sender. Was his correspondent a man or a woman? It looked like… Other-worldly, indeed!...’, in 2 paragraphs: ‘Yet now it seemed to him an odd coincidence and the idea came to his mind – suppose I have been writing postcards to myself?...’ (‘W.S.’ by Leslie Pole Hartley) – represented inner speech; ‘After the armistice they agreed he should go home to get a job so they might be married. Luz would not come home until he had a good job and could come to New York to meet her. ’ (‘A Very Short Story’ by Ernest Hemingway) – represented dialogue
Grammatical Person	1^st	‘The Time of My Life’ by Denis Healey (1^st Person’s, the author’s); ‘The Black Cat’ by Edgar Poe (1^st Person’s, entrusted to the main Personage)
3^rd	‘A Very Short Story’, ‘Cat in the Rain’ by Ernest Hemingway, ‘Tender is the Night’ by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Personage	Inner	Monologue (*conditionally – as any message implies a partner; it can be	Certain introspection of a person; as a stream-of-consciousness; thoughts of own personality from the 1^st person	Often used in Modernism, for instance: ‘Bridgette Jones’ Diary’ by H. Fielding, ‘Ulysses’ by James Joyce, ‘To the Lighthouse’ by V. Woolf,
Dialogue	Speaking to or arguing with own self (‘I’ and ‘Me’)	‘Yet now it seemed to him an odd coincidence and the idea came to his mind – suppose I have been writing postcards to myself?...’ (‘W.S.’ by Leslie Pole Hartley)
Outer (external) speech	Directly presented speech of personages	‘Dangerous Corner’ by John B. Priestly, ‘The Moon and Sixpence’ by Somerset Maugham, ‘The Great Gatsby’ by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, etc.
Chronotop (events in the relation of Time and Place)	In order	Chronological	Event after event in their historical chronological order, sequence	‘A Very Short Story’, ‘Cat in the Rain’ by Ernest Hemingway, ‘The Moon and Sixpence’ by Somerset Maugham, etc.
Non-chronological	Flash-back (analepsis)	Retrospection	A piece in the 5^th Ch. and another in the 6^thCh. of ‘The Great Gatsby’ (the relations of young Gatsby and Daisy) by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Flash-forward (prolepsis)	Prospection	1^st paragraph in ‘Black Cat’
Of Impression	The writer starts with the image that creates the most powerful impact and then describes the peripheral or less compelling images
Spatial	Organizing physical descriptions of people and places	‘One Stair Up’ by Campbell Nairne
Duration	Relations between the length of time over which a given event occurs in the story and the number of narrative pages devoted to describing it	Compare 3 books in ‘Tender is the Night’ by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Frequency	Plot (and subplot or side story)	Exposition	Background	Their organization (presence, order)	-Side story in ‘The Escape’ by Somerset Maugham; -starting with the knot in ‘W.S.’ by Leslie Poles Hartley; -beginning with the denouement in ‘Black Cat’ by Edgar Poe
Knot	Precedent
Complication	Rising action, increasing tension
Climax	Acmé
Denouement	Outcome

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