Cereals are crop plants belonging to the grass family. The cereal grains are wheat, rice, maize, rye, oats, sorghum and millet. They are the most important source of food and domestic animals. Cultivation of all the cereal grains except oats and rye began before the dawn of history. Wheat, barley and millet were cultivated in many parts of the Old World.
Long before the beginning of civilization the seed grains of wild grasses were gathered by primitive man and formed an important part of his food. Later, as man began to till the soil, cereal grasses were his first crops. The history of the cereals was the history of civilization.
Wheat and barley, oats and rye, all have been cultivated for so long that their original homes were forgotten. We know that the greatest number of varieties of a plant is found in its original home.
Abyssinia is the original home of barley. The original home of wheat lies in the great mountainous area of Persia and Afghanistan. Oats and rye travelled as weeds in the wheat crops.
Soil and climatic conditions are very important for growth, yield and quality of cereals. They are usually grown in the temperate climates.
Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1) What family do the cereals belong to?
2) What cereals do you know?
3) Where are the cereals used?
Vocabulary:
cereals- хлебные злаки, зерновые культуры
wheat- пшеница
rice- рис
rye-рожь
maize- кукуруза
barley- ячмень
oats- овёс
sorghum- сорго
millet- просо
seed grains- семена
primitive man- первобытный человек
yield- урожай
temperate- умеренный
variety- сорт
to till the soil- обрабатывать почву
weed- сорняк
original home- родина
Вариант № 2
/. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1.1. Grass, flowers and trees grow everywhere.
1.2. People breathe the oxygen which comes from plants.
1.3. Our country's vegetation includes hundreds of species.
1.4. Entomologists study insects in order to eliminate or control insects harmful to plants.
//. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
2.1. Per capita water consumption increases annually.
2.2. You should take plant protection measures as soon as possible.
///. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.
3.1. January is the hottest month on the continent of Australia.
3.2. The better is the soil, the higher is the yield.
3.3. The work of soil scientists is as important as the work of forestry specialists.
3.4. The most effective method of controlling erosion is with grass and other thick- growing vegetation.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
4.1. There are some artificial seas in our country.
4.2. In that part of the country there was much moisture in the fields in spring.
4.3. Do you know anything about plants of the temperate zone?
4.4. I have no books on modern agriculture.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.
5.1. They recommended to use manure to conserve the crop.
5.2. The farm has recently irrigated its fields.
5.3. The farmers use modern equipment for seedbed preparation.
5.4. The builders will have finished the construction of the irrigation canal by the end of the year.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.
6.1. The professor had to lecture on plant physiology.
6.2. Man can grow wheat, barley, oats and rye in this region.
6.3. Potatoes should be planted as early as possible.
6.4. You must prepare the report on maize cultivation.
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Barley
Barley has been cultivated from time immemorial. Its original home is Abyssinia. Later barley was carried down the Nile to Egypt.
It is widely grown in all subtropical and temperate countries. Large areas are devoted to its cultivation in many parts of the British Isles. It is used for human food and is an important bread cereal in some parts of Europe. Barley is also used for malting. The straw is a by- product. Barley can be grown under almost any conditions of soil and climate. But all conditions do not give equally good barley for malting purposes. The yield may be spoiled by soil acidity. It grows well on a moderately deep seedbed. It should be prepared by harrowing and rolling.
Barley has a shorter period of growth than the other cereals. In a late season crops can be obtained from seed put in as late as May.
It is not always necessary to use any artificial fertilizers when growing barley. Sometimes it may be desirable to apply superphosphate and to balance it with an appropriate amount of potash.
Barley suffers from fungoid diseases, such as smut and leaf-stripe. Insect pests also damage it greatly.
Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы;
1) What is the origin of barley?
2) What is it used for?
3) What diseases does barley suffer from?
Vocabulary:
original home- родина
bread cereal- хлебный злак
malting- соложение
seedbed- грядка, пашня
harrowing- боронование
rolling- прикатка
fertilizer- удобрение
by- product- побочный продукт
acidity- кислотность
artificial- искусственный
potash- углекислый калий
fungoid- грибковое заболевание
smut- головня
leaf- stripe- полосатость листьев
insect pests- насекомые-вредители
Вариант № 3
/. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1.1. The process of photosynthesis takes place in all Earth's plants.
1.2. He believes that this practice helps to apply fertilizers.
1.3. A tree grows in three directions.
1.4. The leaves of coniferous trees look like needles.
//. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите га, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
2.1. Soil water is vital to plant life.
2.2. The carbon assimilation is a very important biochemical process.
///. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.
3.1. Improvement of plants is one of the most important factors in making our crops more productive.
3.2. The greater is the surface of the leaf, the more water it can evaporate.
3.3. He who wants to live better should work more and better.
3.4. Flora is as important for us as fauna.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
4.1. Because of structural differences, some soils require much more care than others.
4.2. Any seed germinates better when there is enough moisture.
4.3. No solid food material can enter a plant.
4.4. Do you know anything about boreal coniferous forests?
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.
5.1. Our farm has been growing potatoes for ten years.
5.2. By the end of next year 800 acres of virgin land will have been ploughed by us.
5.3. We shall begin sowing oats in two days.
5.4. Last year our students helped the farmers to harvest wheat.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.
6.1. We had to apply manure as the soil was very poor in organic matter.
6.2. Man should improve the soil through good management and treatment.
6.3. You cannot get high yields of crops without fertilizing the soil.
6.4. I must dig the ground with a spade and loosen it with a rake.
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Potato
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) was introduced from South America in the sixteenth century.
As a producer of food potato is the most valuable crop grown in Great Britain.
The most suitable soil for potatoes is a light deep loam or alluvium, but the crop grows well on blacktop or peaty land. Potato tolerates acid conditions well, but the yield suffers where there is a deficiency of calcium.
Potatoes grow badly on heavy soils and under wet conditions. The most favourable seasons are those of moderate rainfall because in rainy reasons the temperature is too low for optimum growth. In dry summers the water supply limits the yield. The tubers with the lowest moisture content are formed in dry weather. At that time the best eating quality is generally obtained.
The cultivation of potato depends very largely on the time of the year when the manure is applied. It is better to apply the manure during winter and plough it in as soon as possible. After this the land is worked into a deep, loose tilth.
The time of planting depends upon the district and the variety that is grown. It is a matter of prime importance that the land should be sufficiently dry at planting time.
Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1) When and where was potato introduced from?
2) What soil is the most suitable for potatoes?
3) When is the best eating quality of potatoes obtained?
Vocabulary:
tuber- клубень
loam- суглинок
alluvium- аллювий
blacktop land- чернозём
peaty land-торфяник
incidence- количество случаев
loose- рыхлый
tilth- пашня
moisture- влага
yield- урожай
variety- сорт
manure - навоз
Вариант № 4
1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием —s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1.1. Some plants grow best in cool climates.
1.2. The plant's root system is much more extensive than most people imagine.
1.3. Different crops vary in their climatic requirements.
1.4. Very high rainfall encourages the development of straw rather than grain.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
2.1. Irradiation causes great changes in the plant cells.
2.2. The professor lectured on the sugar and starch formation.
///. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.
3.1. The yield of beans is often lower on land rich in humus.
3.2. The more we work in our vegetable garden, the better will be our yield in autumn.
3.3. Pine grows here as long as fur.
3.4. Drilling is the most modern method of sowing seeds.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
4.1. Our farm grows neither beans nor peas.
4.2. Much soil water is lost by evaporation.
4.3. All agricultural soils have some organic matter and some mineral matter.
4.4. Some 100 apple-trees grow in this garden.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.
5.1. We spoke about preparing a right kind of seedbed for rye and wheat.
5.2. We have grown perfect crops of wheat on heavy loams and clays.
5.3. Now they are planting the seedlings in the field.
5.4. We shall sow cereals at our experimental - training farm next year.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.
6.1. The students of our faculty have to study the structure of seeds of various plants.
6.2. Collective farmers may apply some fertilizers in spring.
6.3. If you want to get high yields of vegetables, you must work hard in a vegetable garden.
6.4. Every student should know the difference between the root crops and tubers.
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
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