Behavioral approach theory is often called the human relations movement because it addresses human dimension of work.

Quantitative approach theory involves the use of mathematical modeling to find the best solurtions to problems.

Contemporary approach

Chapter 2

1) The external environment includes those factors and forces outside the organization that affect its performance. The main components include economic, demographic, political/legal, social cultural, technological and global. Managers face constrains and challenges from these components because of the impact they have on jobs and employment, environmental uncertainty and stakeholder relationship.

The seven dimension of culture are attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, stability, and innovation and risk taking. In organization with strong culture, employees are more loyal and performances tends to be higher.The stronger a culture becomes, the more it affects the way managers plans, organizers, leads and controls. the originals source reflects the vision of organizational founders a culture is maintained by employee selection practices, the actions of top managers and socialization process. Also, culture is transmitted to employees through stories rituals, material symbols and language. These elements help employees learn what values and behaviors are important as well as who exemplifies those values. The culture affects how managers plan, organize, leads, controls.

3) Our definition of culture implies three things. First, culture is a perception. It’s not something that can be physically touched or seen, but employees perceive it on the basis of what they experience within the organization. Second, organizational culture is descriptive. It’s concerned with how members perceive the culture and describe it, not with whether they like it. Finally, even though individuals may have different backgrounds or work at different organizational levels, they tend to describe the organization’s culture in similar terms. That’s the shared aspect of culture.

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