Exercise 2.1

Exercise 1.

Read and memorize the words:

software	програмне забезпечення
hardware	апаратне забезпечення
intend	збиратись
word processing	обробка текстів
payroll	платіжна відомість
execute	виконувати
inference	логічний вивід
consequently	в результаті
compiler	компілятор
interpreter	інтерпретатор
sequence	послідовність
meaningful	змістовний
counterpart	копія

Exercise 2.1

Read and translate the text:

The physical components of a computer (the hardware) are not useful by themselves. Before they can function as intended, computers need programs to coordinate the activities of these physical components. In addition, they need programs designed to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, payroll calculations, budget analyses, data manipulations, or the presentation of information to students. All such programs are known as software.

A program is a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do. When the computer actually follows the instructions, we say that it executes the program. Computers will do only what they are told; they cannot make inferences or reach decisions by themselves.

Programs of all types share one common feature. They consist of a list of instructions that the central processor can recognize. In reality, we rarely write the instructions that the processor itself needs, rather we write instructions that are later translated into these by a special program called either a compiler, condenser, or an interpreter, depending on how it performs the translation. At the processor level, instructions are very primitive, consisting of short sequences of bits representing numbers, which makes them difficult to use. Fortunately, instructions have been developed that are more meaningful to people, such as PRINT or GOTO that have meanings similar to their English language counterparts. These are far easier to use and are called high-level. A whole set of instructions is called a language.

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