PG - OE

Ai - a:

Ei - i:

Au - ea:

Eu / iu - eo:

The Anglo-Frisian Brightening

PG a (:) > Afr æ (:) in closed syllables and in open syllables before a front vowel

OIcel dagr > OE dæȝ

Goth watō > OE wæter

a > ã when */a/ was followed by a nasal

Goth mann(a) > OE mon / man

Restoration of /a(:)/

When a back vowel was present in the following syllable:

æ > a

æ: > a:

e.g. Goth magan > OE maȝan

Assimilative vowel changes

Under the influence of the following or preceding phoneme the pronunciation of a vowel was modified.

The result: phonetically conditioned allophones that could coincide with another phoneme are developed into a new phoneme.

· OE breaking

· Palatal diphthongization

· I-mutation

· Back mutation

· Mutation before h

OE Breaking

The front vowels tended to diphtongise in certain environments:

a. Before r or l + following consonant (including germinates [rr; ll])

b. Before h and, sometimes, w

*i > io in earlier texts, later eo: niowul

*e > eo: feoh

*æ > ea: earm, eald, eall, seah, eahta

Breaking appears originally to be insertion of /u/ between a front vowel and the environment specified above.

Palatal diphthongisation

6th c. AD

A glide arose after a palatal consonant as a sort of transition to the succeeding vowel

Palatal consonants: sk', k', j

sk':

e > ie	OHG skild > OE scield
æ / a > ea	Goth skadus > OE sceadu
o > eo	OE *scort > sceort

k':

e > ie	Lat. cerasus > OE cieres
æ > ea	Lat. Castra > ceaster

j:

æ: > ea:	OHG jar > ȝēar
e > ie

i-Mutation

(i-umlaut, front mutation, palatal mutation)

· OE vowels harmonised to an / i / or / j / following them in the same word

· This caused all back vowels to front and all short front vowels (except / i /) and diphthongs to raise when an / i / or / j / followed in the next syllable

I <---- y(:) <---- u(:)

↑

E <---- œ(:) <---- o(:)

↑

æ(:) <------------ a(:)

*a > æ	*ladin > læden 'Latin'
*æ > e	*bæddj- > bedd
*ā > ǣ	*haljan > hǣlan
*o > e

*ō > œ > ē

*ū > y:

*u > y

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