The spelling of the present participle

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THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative/question	Negative interrogative
I am working He is working She is working It is working We are working You are working They are working	I am not working He is not working She is not working It is not working We are not working You are not working They not are working	Am I working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working?	Am I not working? Is he not working? Is she not working? Is it not working? Are we not working? Are you not working? Are they not working?

Contractions:

Affirmative	Negative	Negative interrogative
I’ m working He’s working She’s working It’s working We’re working You’re working They’re working	I’m not working He’s not /He isn’t working She’s not /She isn’t working It’s not /it isn’t working We’re not /we aren’t working You’re not/ you aren’t working They’re not/they aren’t working	Aren’t I working? Isn’t he working? Isn’t she working? Isn’t it working? Aren’t we working? Aren’t you working? Aren’t they working?

Note: aren’t I is the contraction for am I not (this form is also used in tag-questions).

Contractions in Wh -questions: Why’s he always asking stupid questions? Where’s she going? Who’s making a noise?

The spelling of the present participle

If a verb ends in –e, we leave out -e before –ing:

hope – hoping smile – smiling dance - dancing argue - arguing hate - hating love - loving

relate –relating consume – consuming produce - producing

Exceptions: age-ageing dye -dyeing and verbs ending in -ee:

agree - agreeing see - seeing

We double the consonant before –ing if a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant:

plan – planning hit - hitting run - running stop – stopping rub -rubbing

If a verb has more than one syllable (prefer, refer etc.) we double the consonant at the end only if the final syllable is stressed:

prefer – preferring admit - admitting begin - beginning

But

budget - budgeting enter - entering visit –visiting remember –remembering develop – developing happen – happening (stress not on the last syllable).

In British English, verbs ending in – l have – ll before –ing whether the final syllable is stressed or not:

signal –signalling cancel - cancelling travel - travelling (except in American English).

We do not double the final consonant if a verb ends in two consonants:

send – sending last – lasting start – starting help - helping long – longing

We do not double the final consonant if there are two vowels before it (-eed, -oil etc):

boil – boiling cheat - cheating proceed – proceeding read – reading

- ing can be added to verbs ending in - y or – w without affecting the spelling of the verb:

grow – growing play –playing enjoy – enjoying carry - carrying enjoy - enjoying

hurry – hurrying

If a verb ends in –ie, -ie changes to –y before –ing:

die- dying lie – lying tie – tying

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