Контрольное задание № 4

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Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (ParticipleI,II). Независимый (самостоятельный)
причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.A bill of exchange to be paid immediately on presentation is called a sight draft.	1.Вексель (тратта), который должен быть оплачен немедленно по предъявлению, называется траттой на предъявителя.
2.We would like them to change the terms of payment.	2.Мы хотели бы, чтобы они изменили сроки платежа.
3.We would like the terms of payment to be changed.	3.Мы хотели бы, чтобы сроки оплаты были изменены.
4.The lending rate is reported to be cut.	4.Сообщают, что ставка ссудного процента будет снижена.

1. We would like the penalty clause for late deliveriesto be accepted.

2. One of the fundamental decisions to be taken by entrepreneurs concerns the geographical location of their enterprises.

3. The goods turnover is considered to be the main index showing the volume of business transacted by the enterprise.

4. We want you to prolong the guarantee period.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Найдите предложение с независимым (самостоятельным) причастным оборотом и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.An offer consisting of various terms, care should be taken that the whole of the terms are brought to the notice of the other party.	1. Если оферта состоит из многих условий, следует позаботиться о том, чтобы все условия были доведены до сведения другой стороны.
2.A corporation is a firm that exists as an independent legal entity, with ownership divided into shares.	2. Корпорация - это фирма, которая существует как независимое юридическое лицо, причем ее собственность делится на акции.
3.In form a debenture is a charge or mortgage upon the property of a company, bearing a fixed rate of interest	3. По своей форме облигация – это долговое обязательство или закладная на собственность акционерного общества, приносящая установленный размер процентов.

1. In a commodity exchange money plays the role of an exchange medium and measure of value, a commodity expressing the value of all other commodities.

2. There are certain legal requirements for Russian and foreign citizens wishing to set up a joint venture.

3. The Stock Exchange being a relatively free market, share prices is subject to fluctuations as market conditions change.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Unless they do not change the delivery dates, we shall not sign the contract.	1.Если они не изменят сроки поставки, мы не подпишем контракт.
2. If we received the reply tomorrow, we would start talks next week.	2.Если бы мы получили ответ завтра, мы начали бы переговоры на следующей неделе.
3. We should have signed the contract if they had given us a good discount 4. If the agreement had been concluded, our factory would have got necessary raw materials and equipment.	3.Мы бы подписали контракт, если бы они дали нам значительную скидку. 4.Если бы договор был заключен, наша фабрика получила бы необходимое сырье и оборудование

1. If you compare these figures with those of last year you will see an improvement.

2. If growth were the only objective of economic policy, there is little doubt that it could be achieved.

3. If the plant had introduced the latest achievements of science and technology, it would have increased labour production.

IV. Перепишите и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Joint demand- совмещенный спрос; спрос на совмещенные товары;

2. Composite - здесь: совокупный.

Demand and Supply - Some Relationships and Applications

Joint demand Some goods are jointly demanded; they are complementary in the sense that the use of one implies the use of the other. The demand for petrol is associated with the demand for motor cars. If goods are complementary a change in the price of one of them will cause a change in the demand for the other.

Competitive demand. Some goods which are close substitutes for one another are said to be in competitive demand. Other things being equal, the demand for a commodity will tend to vary directly as the price of its substitute. If the price of butter falls we should expect the demand for margarine to fall. If he supply of beef falls we should expect the price to be raised and the quantity demanded to be reduced. This may cause an increase in the demand for pork, an increase in its price, and an increase in the quantity supplied.

Composite demand. Goods are said to be in composite demand when they are demanded for several different uses. The demands for such goods are the aggregates of the demands of the various users. Copper, nylon, and rubber give good examples of basic commodities widely used in many different industries. Thus, we may have a situation where a large increase in the demand for central heating (copper pipes) may increase prices in the electrical components industries (cables).

Joint supply. An interesting relationship, and one which gives rise to a number of difficult economic problems, is that of joint supply, where the production of one product automatically leads to an output of another. An oil refinery produces many different fuels from crude oil arid, in the short period, an increased output of any one product, say petrol, will automatically increase the output of the others (benzine, etc.). If commodities are in joint supply an increase in the demand for one of them will cause a fall in the price of the other.

V. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на английском языке на следующий вопрос:

What will an increase in the demand for one commodity cause if commodities are in joint supply?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитивв функции определения, объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.A bill of exchange to be paid immediately on presentation is called a sight draft.	1.Вексель (тратта), который должен быть оплачен немедленно по предъявлению, называется траттой на предъявителя.
2.We would like them to change the terms of payment.	2.Мы хотели бы, чтобы они изменили сроки платежа.
3.We would like the terms of payment to be changed.	3.Мы хотели бы, чтобы сроки оплаты были изменены.
4.The lending rate is reported to be cut.	4.Сообщают, что ставка ссудного процента будет снижена.

1.All businesses are known to take one of three basic forms: the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation.

2. We would like you to reduce your item prices.

3.The symposium to be held in Moscow deals with such matters as planning, price formation and financing.

4.We expect the above-mentioned problems to be settled to the satisfaction of both parties.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.An offer consisting of various terms, care should be taken that the whole of the terms are brought to the notice of the other party.	1. Если оферта состоит из многих условий, следует позаботиться о том, чтобы все условия были доведены до сведения другой стороны.
2.A corporation is a firm that exists as an independent legal entity, with ownership divided into shares.	2. Корпорация - это фирма, которая существует как независимое юридическое лицо, причем ее собственность делится на акции.
3.In form a debenture is a charge or mortgage upon the property of a company, bearing a fixed rate of interest	3. По своей форме облигация – это долговое обязательство или закладная на собственность акционерного общества, приносящая установленный размер процентов.

1. Some 3,500 members of the Stock Exchange are grouped into a number of firms, the majority of them being partnerships.

2. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

3. A company or a person buying goods in wholesale and selling them in small quantities is a retailer.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Unless they do not change the delivery dates, we shall not sign the contract.	1.Если они не изменят сроки поставки, мы не подпишем контракт.
2. If we received the reply tomorrow, we would start talks next week.	2.Если бы мы получили ответ завтра, мы начали бы переговоры на следующей неделе.
3. We should have signed the contract if they had given us a good discount 4. If the agreement had been concluded, our factory would have got necessary raw materials and equipment.	3.Мы бы подписали контракт, если бы они дали нам значительную скидку. 4.Если бы договор был заключен, наша фабрика получила бы необходимое сырье и оборудование

1. If the goods are of inferior quality we shall have to revise some parts of the contract.

2. If I were an investor I would not make a massive investment in that firm.

3. If my company's profits had been higher I should have convinced my stockholders to give up a 50% possible increase in the market values.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,4 и 5-й абзацы текста.

The Functions of Money

Money is a medium of exchange which has been invented independently in many different places at different times, probably when the exchange of goods by barter became unwieldy. No barter system which is the direct exchange of goods and services for goods and services can cope with the many wants and needs of modern society.

Money is indispensable in a society in which commodity exchange takes place. In a commodity exchange money plays the role of a medium of exchange and measure of value, a commodity expressing the value of all other commodities. In this capacity money is a universal equivalent.

Money is known to perform several functions. It can serve as a measure of value. Society considers it convenient to use a monetary unit to determine relative costs of different goods and services. In this function money appears as the unit of account, as the unit in which prices are quoted and accounts are kept. In different countries prices are guoted in different monetary units. In Russia they are quoted in roubles; in the USA, in US dollars; in Japan, in yen, etc.

We know money also to be a means of store of value. It is a great convenience to hold wealth in the form of money. But the great disadvantage of holding wealth in the form of money has become very apparent in recent years during periods of inflation its exchange value falls.

An important function of money in the modern world, where so much businesses are conducted on the basis of credit, is to serve as a means of deferred payment. If goods are supplied on credit, the buyer will not have to make an immediate payment. He will be able to pay for them 3, or perhaps 6, months after delivery. We judge the efficiency of a company by means of money

The money expenditures of a company show the amount of labour required to produce a particular kind of goods, the amount of raw materials and fuel, the cost of management and the cost of delivering goods to the consumer throught the retail trade network. Money control over the performance of companies is an effective method of economic management.

V. Прочитайте 6-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на английском языке на следующий вопрос:

What is an effective method of economic management?

Вариант 3

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.A bill of exchange to be paid immediately on presentation is called a sight draft.	1.Вексель (тратта), который должен быть оплачен немедленно по предъявлению, называется траттой на предъявителя.
2.We would like them to change the terms of payment.	2.Мы хотели бы, чтобы они изменили сроки платежа.
3.We would like the terms of payment to be changed.	3.Мы хотели бы, чтобы сроки оплаты были изменены.
4.The lending rate is reported to be cut.	4.Сообщают, что ставка ссудного процента будет снижена.

1. Some 80 per cent of the company is said to be sold in the four
tranches.

2. We would like the package of foundation documents to be prepared in month's time.

3. The machinery to be installed in our shop is provided with electronic devices.

4. We know the retail turnover volume to be one of the main indices of the volume of consumption.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.An offer consisting of various terms, care should be taken that the whole of the terms are brought to the notice of the other party.	1. Если оферта состоит из многих условий, следует позаботиться о том, чтобы все условия были доведены до сведения другой стороны.
2.A corporation is a firm that exists as an independent legal entity, with ownership divided into shares.	2. Корпорация - это фирма, которая существует как независимое юридическое лицо, причем ее собственность делится на акции.
3.In form a debenture is a charge or mortgage upon the property of a company, bearing a fixed rate of interest	3. По своей форме облигация – это долговое обязательство или закладная на собственность акционерного общества, приносящая установленный размер процентов.

1. The government's economic policy in Britain has several objectives, one of them being economic growth.

2. A nation experiencing a serious balance of payments deficit may be forced to impose restrictions on its imports.

3. Imports exceeding exports, the trade balance is unfavorable and the descrepancy must be covered by the remittances of currency abroad or by foreign loans.

Ш. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Unless they do not change the delivery dates, we shall not sign the contract.	1.Если они не изменят сроки поставки, мы не подпишем контракт.
2. If we received the reply tomorrow, we would start talks next week.	2.Если бы мы получили ответ завтра, мы начали бы переговоры на следующей неделе.
3. We should have signed the contract if they had given us a good discount 4. If the agreement had been concluded, our factory would have got necessary raw materials and equipment.	3.Мы бы подписали контракт, если бы они дали нам значительную скидку. 4.Если бы договор был заключен, наша фабрика получила бы необходимое сырье и оборудование

1. If goods are supplied on credit, the buyer will not have to make an immediate payment.

2. If we invested more we could hope for superior returns.

3. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

IV. Перепишите и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3,4 и 5-й абзацы текста.

Objectives of Monetary Policy

Two important aspects of money are its price (the rate of interest) and its supply. Monetary policy refers to the attempts to manipulate these two variables so as to bring about desired changes in the economy. The aims of monetary policy are the same as those of economic policy generally. They are the maintenance of full employment, price stability, a satisfactory rate of economic growth, and balance of payments equilibrium.

In its attempts to control the economy the government until fairly recent times has tended to give the major role to fiscal or budgetary policy which is concerned with changes in taxation and government spending. In the last few years, however, far more attention has been paid to the use of monetary policy.

Many economists believe the control of the money supply to be probably the most important instrument for regulating total demand in an economy. There is no doubt that changes in the supply of money and in the rate of interest can have important effects on output, employment and prices.

The greater part of the money supply is know to consist of bank de-
posits. A large part of these deposits comes into being as a result of bank lending. Total spending is very much influenced by the spender's ability to borrow from the banks. Any attempt to control the money supply therefore must be directed at controlling the bank's ability to lend, or at firms' and households' willingness to borrow. The banks' ability to lend depends upon their supplies of liquid assets, some instruments of monetary policy acting directly on the banks' supplies of these assets.

But the willingness and ability to spend does not depend solely on the availability of bank credit - the price of that credit is also important. Even if the banks are willing and able to provide loans, some potential borrowers may not be persuaded to take up the bank loans if the rate of interest is so high that the prospective profits from the use of the loan, or the satisfactions from spending it on consumption, are scarcely higher than its cost.

V. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на английском языке на следующий вопрос:

What are the aims of monetary policy?

Вариант 4

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.A bill of exchange to be paid immediately on presentation is called a sight draft.	1.Вексель (тратта), который должен быть оплачен немедленно по предъявлению, называется траттой на предъявителя.
2.We would like them to change the terms of payment.	2.Мы хотели бы, чтобы они изменили сроки платежа.
3.We would like the terms of payment to be changed.	3.Мы хотели бы, чтобы сроки оплаты были изменены.
4.The lending rate is reported to be cut.	4.Сообщают, что ставка ссудного процента будет снижена.

We want them to reduce the delivery period.
With the completion of the single European market and the creation of the European Economic Area a still greater part of Britain's trade is expected to be with Western Europe.
We would like the payment to be made in dollars.
The items to be produced must be accurately scheduled.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1.An offer consisting of various terms, care should be taken that the whole of the terms are brought to the notice of the other party.	1. Если оферта состоит из многих условий, следует позаботиться о том, чтобы все условия были доведены до сведения другой стороны.
2.A corporation is a firm that exists as an independent legal entity, with ownership divided into shares.	2. Корпорация - это фирма, которая существует как независимое юридическое лицо, причем ее собственность делится на акции.
3.In form a debenture is a charge or mortgage upon the property of a company, bearing a fixed rate of interest	3. По своей форме облигация – это долговое обязательство или закладная на собственность акционерного общества, приносящая установленный размер процентов.

1. Exports exceeding imports, the trade balance will be favorable and country will be able to accumulate reserves of gold and foreign currencies.

2. There are different definitions of inflation, many of them determining terms of its basic symptom - rising prices.

3. When drawing up a contract for the sale of goods, it is necessary to
a detailed description of the goods.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Unless they do not change the delivery dates, we shall not sign the contract.	1.Если они не изменят сроки поставки, мы не подпишем контракт.
2. If we received the reply tomorrow, we would start talks next week.	2.Если бы мы получили ответ завтра, мы начали бы переговоры на следующей неделе.
3. We should have signed the contract if they had given us a good discount 4. If the agreement had been concluded, our factory would have got necessary raw materials and equipment.	3.Мы бы подписали контракт, если бы они дали нам значительную скидку. 4.Если бы договор был заключен, наша фабрика получила бы необходимое сырье и оборудование

1. If you look at the UK's trade figures you will see that rarely, if ever, does the value of exports equal the value of imports.

2. If we used machines, equipment, labour and natural resources better, we should achieve greater production volume.

3. If the costs of acquisition had not been so high the company would have purchased these shares.

The Stock Exchange

The Stock Exchange is a market in existing securities (shares, debentures, and securities issued by public authorities). There are some 3,500 members in the Stock Exchange. They are grouped into a number of firms, the majority of them being partnerships. The governing body of the Stock Exchange is the Council, which is elected by the members. The main trading floor and central administration is in London.

The main function of the Stock Exchange is to provide a market for
existing shares and securities. It aims to create a free market where people wishing to dispose of shares can and always find a buyer and people who wish to buy shares can and always find a seller.

Although the shares in public companies are freely transferable, only shares in quotedpubliccompanies may be traded on the Stock Exchange. A quoted company is one which has satisfied the Stock Exchange Council's requirements with regard to its financial structure, control, and disclosure of financial information.

Broadly speaking there are two classes of 'Investors' in the Stock Exchange, those who buy shares because they are seeking income in the form of dividends and those who buy shares because they hope to make a capital gain from the resale of the shares. This latter group are known as speculators andthey are usually described as bulls and bears. Speculators who buy in the expectation that share prices are about to rise are known as bulls. The bear sells shares that he does not possess because he expects prices to fall before the account is settled. Ifhe anticipates correctly he will be able to buy the shares at a lower price than that at which he contracts to supply them.

Every year more and more securities are bought by persons investing relatively small amounts of money either directly or indirectly. The number of direct investors m the UK is estimated to be about 2, 5 million. Millions more, of course, buy shares indirectly by virtue of their contributions to insurance companies, pension funds, unit trusts, and the like.

The Stock Exchange being a relatively free market, share prices are subject to fluctuations as market conditions change. Prices are determined by supply and demand. The Stock Exchange publishes its own Daily List showing the prices at which transactions have taken place.

V. Прочитайте 3 - й абзац текста и ответьтеписьменно на английском языке на следующийвопрос:

What is a quoted company?

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