Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use them to speak about history of London.

1.insurance company	12. fleas
2. in slums	13. the blitz lasted
3. hard-hit	14. smogs
4. boundaries	15. seafaring Germanic tribes
5. housing shortage	16. to relieve
6. enormous fortunes	17. a chief source of
7. to behead	18. sided with
8. to grant self-government	19. to clear out
9. Stock Exchange	20. nobles built estates
10. to trace its history back	21. to conquer
11. mayor	22. craft and trade guilds

Complete these sentences with words from the box.

Thames	southwest	Romans	London	Londinium
Wall	Britain	start	Germanic	separate

1. London began about A.D. 43, when.......................started to conquer Britain.

2. The Romans built a seaport on the...........................

3. The Romans called the port...........................

4. By the 200's, the Romans had built a.......................... around London.

5. In 410 the Roman troops in..........................were called home.

6. The native Britons kept..........................alive as a trading center.

7. After the Romans left, seafaring..........................tribes repeatedly attacked London.

Circle the letter of the best answer to check your understanding of the main idea.

1. The Angles and Saxons divided England into

a/ two,

b/ four,

c/ six separate kingdoms.

2. The

a/ Angles,

b/ Saxons,

c/ Jutes controlled London.

3. The Saxon king Edward the Confessor built a

a/ church,

b/ palace,

c/ fortress.

4. It became the start of the

a/ City of Westminster,

b/ City,

c/ London.

5. William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey in

a/ 1066,

b/ 1660,

c/ 1606.

6. William granted Londoners

a/privileges,

b/ Tower,

c/ self-government.

7. He built a castle, called the

a/ White Hall,

b/ White Tower,

c/ Big Ben.

8. The White tower today forms the

a/central,

b/ northern,

c/ southern part of the Tower.

9. About 1100, work began on

a/ Old St. Paul's Cathedral,

b/ Tower,

c/ Big Ben.

10. It was finished

a/ 200,

b/ 20,

c/ 120 years later.

— 6. Divide the text into logical parts and name them. Use the plan to speak about the history of London.

Work in pairs and remember what events or facts these numbers refer to.

			13,000	50,000
			100,000

GRAMMAR FOCUS

?8. Rewrite the sentences and change the form of the verbs given in brackets using the phrases from the box.

It’s time	As though	As if	If only	I wish
What if	They’d rather	Suppose he/it	It is as if	Oh, if

1. In 1209 London Bridge /become/the first stone bridge across the Thames.

2. London's craft and trade guilds /begin/to develop.

3. London /grow /rapidly.

4. Under King Henry VIII nobles /build/ estates outside London's walls.

5. The West End thus /begin/to develop.

6. The king /own/six palaces in London, including the Palace of Westminster.

7. In 1547 Henry VIII /die/ the palace of Westminster became the place of Parliament.

?9. Find more facts about Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans and make notes of them. Present your opinions in class.

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