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Development of television systems

THE ART OF TELEVISION | MEDIA OF PROPAGANDA | MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF PROPAGANDA | WORLD-LEVEL CONTROL OF PROPAGANDA | COLOUR TELEVISION | UNITED STATES | Section 3: Vocabulary exercises | Section 4: Discussions | THE MASS MEDIA | Mass and Public Communication |


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The transmission of every picture element simultaneously

To scan each element in the picture in succession

To use a single wire or channel for transmission

Illumination

Selenium

To provide sending and receiving ends

Photosensitive material

Photoelectric cell

To translate the sequence of light values

A cathode tube

Fluorescent screen

To produce visible light when struck by a beam of electrons

The neon gas-discharge lamp

The electrical input to the neon lamp

To be subject to much greater regulation of advertising

Peak-time viewing

Prime viewing hours

Educational transmission

Thought-provoking material

To combat illiteracy

To impart advice to isolated rural populations in matter of public health, agricultural methods, etc.

Ambitious educational-broadcasting output

To prepare programs for primary, secondary and higher education

Special offerings for the mentally and physically handicapped

To devote more than one-half of its radio output to educational and cultural broadcasts

A substantial output of adult education

Refreshment for teachers

To be created and financed by the government

Two-way channel capability

To enable subscribers to communicate with programming facilities of information centers within the system

To distribute signal solely via satellite

Means of coaxial or fiber-optic cables

To improve reception of commercial network

A “community antenna”

To retransmit via cables

To bring high-quality signals to subscribers

To be regulated by

To grant licenses

Noncommercial broadcasting

To be supported by donations

Revenue

Relay stations

The Voice of America

Frequency range

To assign frequency

On a frequency

Spot advertising

Weak/poor//strong/good reception

“cablecasting” – кабельное телевидение

Governmental and nongovernmental television

The development of programming market

Media regulations

Advertising and media research

To be owned and operated by federal and regional governments

To experience remarkable changes

To be funded entirely from the government budget

To operate in the absence of licensing procedures

Television advertising revenue

To judge viewer preference

To be one of the primary sources of news and entertainment

State-run television

To give a greater diversity of programming

Non-governmental stations

Advertising market is expanding

Broadcast hours are expanding

To take payment for placing advertising

A commentator

An anchorman

Favorable political coverage

To prosper

To become increasingly attractive to outside investment

Election coverage

To be exceedingly biased in favor of some government

To degrade opponents

To devote time to smb’s campaign far in excess of that devoted to other candidates

To monitor fairness in press coverage

Abuse of federal regulations

To give preferential treatment to any candidate for President

To be a tool for political influence (about TV)

“equal conditions”

To lose the aura of independence

In the interest of a free press

Politicized journalism

Political climate

Political and financial interests

Some kind of favoritism

To cover candidates without bias

A policy of “more money – more airtime”

Financial backers of television

To rent out space for other businesses (about movie theatres)

To need a huge capital investment

News-making events

Press independence is threatened by violence

To be privatized

The approaches to news coverage

A shareholder

To rely on advertising revenue and investments

To be financially well-positioned

To find oneself pinched for cash

To gain power, prestige

A venture – рискованное предприятие

To be budgeted

A great flexibility in scheduling the programs

To affiliate – присоединить

To have a potential viewership of 22 mln

To be dubbed – быть дублированным

Peak watched television hours

A considerable shift in the source of television programming

To face stiff competition from other broadcasters (about cable stations)

To found one’s own station with the help of independent financing (about NTV)

To receive top ratings

Pirating

Films with poor quality dubbing

Pirated music video clips

To purchase program

To produce typically American genres

To begin a production of western style situation comedies (sitcom)

To be financed through sole sponsorship

To tune in for several hours a day

To broadcast a wide spectrum of information

To experience a period of incredible growth

“running line” – бегущая строка

To have a strong presence in the culture and economy of Russia (about television)

Television industry

To grow in professionalism and competence

Press

 

United Press International

American-based news agencies (wire services)

Proprietary news wire service

The wired transmission of news photograph

To sell news to a newspaper

To supply news to a paper

To stress human-interest and feature news

To become one of the first agencies

To provide news to papers

To provide around-the-clock service

Costs and revenues

To undergo a series of changes

Reuters

British news agency

To initiate a prototype news service

To supply text and images to newspapers

To use computers to transmit financial data overseas

To bulk large

To make electronic transactions over the network

To become a publicly listed company

A major provider of financial information

A gazette

To enjoy the reportorial freedom and indispensable function

To retain to the present days

The growing demand for newspapers

The spread of literacy

The daily circulation of newspapers

Learned journals

Well-educated public

To feature opinion-forming articles or current affairs

Mass-circulation magazines

To aim at a wider public

Illustrated and women’s magazines

To provide massive new outlets and audiences

Long-distance transmission (satellites)

Information of public interest

A news pamphlet, a printed news book

To be a forerunner of the modern newspaper

Manuscript newsletters

To relate to an event

To guarantee the freedom of the press

Mechanical typesetting

High-speed printing

Technological advances

To broaden the appeal (about newspapers)

To reduce price (about newspapers)

To increase circulation (about newspapers)

Newsgathering enterprise

To shape the directions of modern journalism

Comprehensive coverage

An emphasis on entertainment

Lurid and sensationalized news (Yellow journalism)

To become primarily organs of political and literary opinion (about newspapers)

To earn most of the revenues from advertising

A tabloid

Alternative press (strident and irreverent)

Magazines - Earlier printed pamphlets, broadsides, chapbooks, almanacs

To appeal to particular interests

A growing demand for reading matter

To benefit from a number of technical improvements

Adverts as a means of financial support

Editorial independence

To range from … to

To expand as technological advance has cut costs

To cover traditional, leisure and historical interests

Associated Press

One of the preeminent news agencies in the world

To pool efforts to finance a telegraphic relay of foreign news

To attract readers with the sensational coverage of crime, scandal and violence, lurid photos

To give great prominence to political scandals

To be traced to

To transmit via satellite

To carry occasional feature articles

To offer a wide range of highly informed business, political and economic opinion, readers’ letters, reviews and comments on the art

To include complete tables reporting all financial and stock-market activity

To be known for the sensational treatment of news

Thorough coverage of international events

To appeal to a mass readership

To win worldwide respect (about newspapers)

To be distinguished by its cosmopolitan news, literary and artistic coverage and criticism (about papers)

 

Media and Publishing(p.9-10)

Print media (печатные средства массовой информации)

International media//domestic media

To target an upscale business elite

To provide a global environment for international advertisers

To reconnect readers to the public discussion of issues and problems

To produce notable and hard-hitting journalism

The Pulitzer Prize

 


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