Warring parties

belligerent Before or during a war, one side may accuse

combatant the other of belligerent statements, remarks or

actions: things that make war more likely, or

prolong or intensify a war that has already

warring party started.

wage war Belligerents, combatants or warring parties

are countries or factions participating in a war, or waging war against each other. Com­batants are also people physically doing the fighting.

Troops had been mentally prepared for hostilities. Pakistan believes, that India's frustration at its inability to control the situation in Kashmir is leading to increasingly belligerent statements from its politicians, alerting the military on both sides.

The foreign ministers of the four main belligerents of World War Two in Europe have signed in Moscow a treaty endorsing German unity.

It is simply a demilitarized zone — 4 km wide — separating two combatants who have not yet reached formal agreement that the Korean War of the early 1950's is formally over.

His remarks came only a few days before the warring parties to the conflict are due to gather in the Indonesian capital, Ja­karta, for another round of peace talks.

President Milosevic called on them to be ready to fight to de­fend themselves, but he added: "Before we are forced to wage war we will do everything to preserve peace."

Adversaries and allies. Look at the extracts and complete the key words below.

84________ Английский язык. Общественно-политический перевод

т

The new government will have to bring Lebanon's warring factions together and end the country's 15-year civil war.

There have been renewed clashes in El Salvador between government forces and left-wing rebels of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front.

This seems to be the time of uniting: two Germanics are about to merge and two former foes — Iran and Iraq — have become allies.

The Foreign Secretary, Mr Douglas Hurd, has been stressing the importance of Britain's friendship and alliance with Ger­many and France.

When John F. Kennedy came,to Berlin in June of 1963, he paid a tribute that seemed to turn at least West Germans from being occupied adversaries into allies.

During the second world war Burmese and Indonesian na­tionalists allied themselves with the Japanese, finding them a useful lever against the colonial power.

None has improved on Palmerston's dictum that Britain has no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent inte­rests.

warring faction The different sides in a civil war are
___________ ^________. Factions oppos-

rebels ing a central government are__________.

Countries or factions with the same interests

ally ______ themselves with each other and are

alliance _______ forming an__________. Oppos-

ingsidesare__________,_____________

enemy or_______.

adversary

foe

LANGUAGENOTE

Ally is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable when a noun and with the stress on the second syllable when a verb.

§ 7. Supplementary Reader

FIGHTING

fighting When fighting starts it breaks out or

break out erupts. If fighting flares or flares up, it

erupt starts, or starts again after a lull, a period

flare when it has stopped or been less intense.

flare up

Fighting may be sporadic, perhaps taking sporadic fighting the form of brief, unplanned encounters or heavy fighting skirmishes with only small numbers in­volved. Or it may be heavy, with large lull in fighting numbers of troops and other forces in­volved. skirmish

In Georgia, fierce fighting broke out today between rebel na­tional guardsmen and troops loyal to President Zviad Gamsak-hurdia.

But for all the noise, the air base received only minor dam­age. In comparison to the permanent heavy fighting in the coun­tryside, the attack was more of a skirmish.

People are taking advantage of a lull in the fighting to get out of the immediate war zone.

The most bitter fighting erupted here in eastern Croatia when federal tanks and airforce jets attacked the town of Vukovar.

While fighting has flared in the breakaway north of Yugo­slavia, some of Serbia's leading politicians have begun to re­assess their views on the future unity of the federation.

Both Libya and Sudan have denied any involvement in the Chadian fighting, which flared up again last month after a pe­riod of relative quiet.

«6

Английский язык. Общественно-политический перевод

CASUALTIES

casualties

losses heavy casualties heavy losses inflict casualties inflict losses civilian casualties

Casualties arc people killed and hurt, or wounded, especially those severely wounded. They may include civilian casualties, those not in the military. Mili­tary casualties may be referred to as losses. Where there are many casualties or losses, they are described as heavy.

Casualties and losses are inflicted by one side on the other.

wounded

friendly fire collateral damage

Military casualties killed or wounded by members of their own side are victims of friendly fire.

Unintended civilian casualties and dam­age to non-military targets may be re­ferred to by the military, euphemisti­cally, as collateral damage.

Rwandan casualties were 14 dead and 30 wounded.

You don't have to be much of a cynic to take military claims that they're being careful of civilian casualties skeptically.

Tigrean rebels say they inflicted heavy losses on government troops infighting in northern Shewa region last week.

The United States Defense Department says an investigation has shown that about one in every four Americans killed in bat­tle during the Gulf War died as a result of so-called " friendly fire" — that is, killed by their own side.

Those of us who have been through it know that you're talk­ing about human lives that are cut short. We don't think of words like " collateral damage " or "numbers". We think of friends.

§ 7. Supplementary! Reader

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14