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Folded Shape of Enzymes

Hormones as Regulators of Metabolic Activity | Plant Mineral Requirement (any two) | Conduct a Quantitative Survey of Plants, e.g., distribution of daisies | Soil Nitrogen Level | Cell Membrane | To Investigate the Influence of Light Intensity on the Rate of Photosynthesis | Bioprocessing Procedure | Applications of DNA Profiling | Mode of Nutrition | Function of Leaves |


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  6. PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

Roles of Enzymes in Plants and Animals
Enzymes catalyse all metabolic reactions.


Active Site Theory

“Lock and Key Hypothesis and Induced Fit”

Textbook Diagram: Enzyme Action Sequence.

Native Enzyme: an enzyme that can function normally because its active site has the correct shape.

Denatured Enzyme: an enzyme that cannot operate because the shape of its active site is altered and so the substrate cannot combine with it – change in shape resulting in loss of biological function.

Renatured Enzyme: the denatured enzyme has recovered it shape and function when the temperature and/or pH are again favourable.


Denaturation

Heat is a form of energy. The addition of heat can cause a change in the three-dimensional shape of a protein.

The new shape results in a change in the chemical properties of the protein.

The protein is said to be denatured if the shape change causes it to lose its normal biological activity. Denaturation is not usually reversible.

Some denatured proteins do renature when their normal environmental conditions are restored.


Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

Enzyme action occurs when the enzyme and substrate collide.

During the collision the substrate slots into the active site of the enzyme.

Collisions happen because of the rapid random movement of molecules in liquids.

(i) Temperature

Textbook Graph: Temperature-Enzyme Graph

(ii) pH

Textbook Graph: pH-Enzyme Graph


Optimum Enzyme Activity
Enzymes function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH.

Human intracellular enzymes work best at 37°C and pH 7.


Bioprocessing

Bioprocessing is the use of biological materials (organisms, cells, organelles, enzymes) to carry out manufacturing or treatment prodedures of commercial or scientific interest.

Examples of Bioprocessing with Enzymes:

Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.

Teztbook Diagram: Bioreactor Setup.


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Large Plant Cell Vacuole| To Determine the Effect of pH on the Rate of Enzyme Action.

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