Focus on language

1. Read the sentences and determine relationships between the parts in each sentence.

§ Innumerable benefits include not only new materials, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides, but also new analytical tools for the

study of living matter.

§ The scientists have made the progress that has provided unforeseen power, which enables us to change our lives, our world as well as our future.

§ Because of its precision, mathematics is an essential tool for all of the sciences.

Showing relationships between ideas   To connect words and phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence we use conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs. § conjunctions* e.g.: The twentieth century saw much momentous change that either brought enormous benefits to human beings, or threatens the very existence of the human species.  

Both … and …

when connects two subjects require plural verb

Not only … but also … Either … or … Neither … nor …

when connects two subjects, the latter determines whether the verb is singular or plural  

  * The samegrammatical form should follow each word of the pair. Neither … nor …is already negative in meaning so doesn’t require negative form of a verb   § prepositions e.g.: Apart from large-scale research programmes, scientific research with little short- term economic profit may be called into question.  

Because of … Due to …*	are followed by an object noun	show cause and effect
Apart from … Except for … In addition to …	show contrast
continue the same idea

Due to … in formal writing is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that   § adverbs e.g.: The chemical sciences developed new analytical tools for the study of living matter as well as the environment.

As well as

is usually followed by an object noun

indicates addition

2. Change the following sentences using an appropriate conjunction, preposition or adverb. Translate the sentences into your native language.

a) Big cities suffer from air pollution. They also suffer from the shortage of fresh drinking water.

b) Nowadays biochemistry doesn’t provide an answer to the fundamental question of the generation of life on earth. Modern biology doesn’t answer this question either.

c) The research project will be funded from one of the sources: local or national.

d) The research project took a lot of time and much money.

e) The cost and size of computing power has been reduced. The design and implementation of the Internet allows access to information from all over the globe at an unprecedented level and speed.

f) Discovery and study of quasars, black holes and pulsars were made possible by new observation instruments.

g) The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing because the vast amount of fossil fuels is burnt every day.

Listening

1. Listen about achievements made in other fields of science during the 20^th century. Complete the table. Check as a class.

field of science	_______________	____________	Earth Sciences
achievements	new particles; experimental demonstration of the existence of antimatter; ___________________		____________________ _____________________ analysis of sedimentary records and ice cores from Greenland;
practical application	________________ ____________________ high resolution microscope; scanning tunneling microscope; _______________ ________________ mass storage devices for computers (CD_ROM), surgical instruments; _______________ _______________	___________________ ___________________ Therapeutic and diagnostic pharmaceutical products; ___________________ ___________________	______________ ______________ ______________

Writing

Summarize into a paragraph the information that you have learnt in the unit on the greatest scientific advances in the 20^th century. Follow the guidelines.

Study help: Summary writing A summary is restating someone else's words - the main information or argument of another writer in your words. ü Read the original passage or text very carefully. ü Use a pencil to highlight or underline what you take to be the main point of the original text, or make notes in the margins or on another sheet of paper. ü Form sentences with the help of your keywords. These sentences should reflect the main content of the text. ü Connect the sentences using suitable conjunctions. The first sentence should describe the main content of the text.

§ Identify the key points of the report

and the supporting details the authors

use to illustrate them.

§ Summarize the key points and the

supporting details in your own words.

§ Arrange your information in a logical

order. Make use of the appropriate linking words you have learnt in the unit.

§ Make sure you stated the authors’ names, the title of the report and the source it comes from in your first sentences.

§ Express your opinion on the information presented in the report.

Functional language
The text
The report	was presented at …
	reports on …
The text	deals with …
The report	describes …
	informs on/about …
The author
	great
	particular	interest
I find the information of	general	value	because …
	little	significance
	no

Get real

Search the Internet sites and popular science magazines to find information on the latest advances made in your field of science in the first decade of the 21^st century. Report your findings to the class.

Reading

1. Look at the pictures. What kind of invention do they describe?

2. Match the words in A with the definitions in B and then with the pictures. Translate the words into your native language.

A	B
1) parchment	a) a special kind of paper that is made of conductive plastic containing tiny balls that respond to an electric charge
2) paper	b) ancient writing material from stems of aquatic plant used in ancient Egypt for writing and drawing on
3) e-paper	c) material made from the skin of a sheep or goat, used in the past for writing manuscripts on
4) papyrus	d) a small plate for writing on it made of clay
5) clay tablet	e) material that you write and draw on and that is also used for wrapping and packing things

3. Study the timeline describing the evolution of paper and papermaking. Use time and sequence expressions in the Functional language box to tell the history of papermaking.

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