Meals in Britain and the USA

Topic № 21

Management of personnel

Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into large factories, supervision has been required. The management is а new institution in human history. It has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies. Efficiency means getting results with the least possible, waste of time, effort and money. Efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures. The manager's job is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plаns their operations, and checks the results. Shop managers carry out different studies to improve workers’ efficiency. Industrial managers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers or equipment. Each step in manufacture is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult expert regularly in order to master newtechniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale. Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry-not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems, and control systems. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.

Topic № 22

Marketing

What does the term marketing really mean? Many people mistakenly think of it as advertising and selling, giving the number of commercials on television, in magazines and newspapers. However, advertising and selling are only two of several marketing functions, and not necessarily the most important ones. The most basic concept underlying marketing is that of human needs. We have many needs including ones such as affection, knowledge and a sense of belonging as well as the physical needs. A good deal of our lives is devoted to obtaining what will satisfy those needs. Marketing can thus be defined as any human activity which is directed at satisfying needs and wants. Marketing has become a key factor in the success of western busi­nesses and today's companies face stiff competition. For an exchange to take place, four conditions must exist. First, an Exchange requires participation by two or more individuals, groups, or Organizations. Second, each party must possess something of value that the other party desires. Third, each must be willing to give up its 'some­thing of value' to receive the 'something of value' held by the other. The objective of a marketing exchange is to receive something that is desired more than what is given up to get it, that is, a reward in excess of costs. Fourth, the parties to the exchange must be able to communicate with each other to make their 'somethings of value' available. The exchange will not necessarily take place just because these four conditions exist. When an exchange occurs, products are traded for either other products or financial resources.

Topic № 23

Transport

Transportation has always been а vital factor in the cultural and economic development of the human rасе. The effort to improve transportation has occupied much of man's time and effort through the centuries. Nations, regions, cities, industries, and business firmshave grown or failed to grow because of the presence or absence of adequate transportation facilities. In the economy of the United States the growth of large-scale production in the nineteenth century was accompanied by the rapid development оf the railroad system plus some development of water transportation. In more recent times, other forms of transportation have become available and the trend toward large-scale production has continued. Carriage of freight by highway is а relatively new form of transportation. Intercity trucking grew rapidly as а result of improvement in vehicles and roads and the growing demand for the kind of service the motor truck could offer. Intercity bus transportation is an important part of passenger traffic though it has а definite service disadvantage in competing with the private automobile. Its disadvantage increases with distance when comparedwith air or rail travel because of the low speed of buses. Low speed presents many problems for users. Users of transportation include freight shippers, receivers and passengers. Among the most important users are business firms. No wonder that flying has become а common thing. Travel by air has continued to increase, and today it is the leading type of commercial passenger travel. Air freight and air express have likewise grown, but remain relatively small in the total freight carriage picture.

Topic № 9

Travelling

Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, and to listen to different musical rhythms. Those, who live in the country, like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea, or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk, bathe and laze in the sun. People travel by train, by plane, by boat, by coach, by motorcycle and by car. For most people, speed is a very important factor when they are travelling. They want to reach their destination as quickly as possible. Travelling by plane is the fastest and the most convenient way. Whenever you want to go somewhere by plane you should book a seat on a flight to your destination for a certain date. You may book a single, return or open return ticket. When booking a ticket you should mention what class you are going to travel: first, business or economy class. Travelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. One may travel either by sea or by river on board a seagoing liner or a river cruise ship. Many people prefer travelling by car. It is very convenient and it is becoming very popular nowadays.

Topic № 8

Hotel

Nowadays people travel on business and as tourists more than in the past. No businessman can avoid being a paying guest every now and then. In big cities there are a lot of good hotels. Accommodations as well as rates vary from hotel to hotel. There are deluxe hotels, the most luxurious and the most expensive, resort hotels used for entertainment or recreation. Rooms in most hotels have all modern conveniences: central heating, bathroom, telephone, satellite TV and others. Service is usually quite satisfactory. You can take a single room, a double room or a suite, charg­es varying accordingly. Service is supposed to begin at the door. When your taxi stops at the entrance to the hotel the doorman and the bellboy help you with the luggage. The doorman is very important during the reception procedure. At the hotel you can get various services. In the lobby of a hotel there are a lot of offices: a booking office, post and telegraph offices, an information desk supervised by the concierge. In the same building there are also restaurants, bars, cafete­rias, beauty parlours, saunas, steam rooms and massage rooms, along with fully equipped supervised gyms and swimming pools. There are also a lot of motels which grew with the development of highways. If you are travelling by car, you can get accommodation in one of them. Staying at a motel has a lot of advantages. Motels are well constructed and comfortably furnished.

Topic № 12

Weather

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time or over a certain short period. It is connected with atmospheric pressure, temperature, rainfall, cloudiness and wind. The weather usually depends on the season. The season is characterized by a distinctive temperature, rainfall, vegetation and other. Rain, snow, hail, sleet, frost, and dew are all parts of the weather. Weather can be good, bad, fine, excellent, beautiful, rainy, snowy, stormy, dry, hot, cold, warm, cool and pleasant. In some parts of the world the weather stays very much the same day after day. In other places it often changes. We have learned to change the 'weather' inside our houses. We can make the air warmer, or we can cool it. The English are famous for their weather as it is very changeable, never the same two days running. The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England. The English have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. One day it rains, the next day it may be sunny and the next it can be cold. The Britain is such a green country, with long rich grass for the cattle and sheep, and beautiful lawns in the gardens. Everyone who comes to Britain says that it looks like one great beautiful park. The British people love their country and take care of it.

Topic № 10

Meals in Britain and the USA

The English are very particular about their meals and strictly keep to their meal times. They usually have four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. People in different countries have different ideas about what is good to eat and what is the best diet for them. The usual English breakfast is porridge or cornflakes with milk or cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, marmalade with but­tered toast, rolls, tea or coffee. At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices and small shops are closed for an hour and the city pavements are full of people on their way to cafes, coffee bars, restaurants. Factory workers usually eat in their canteens. The English like what they call good plain food: steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding and fish and chips. From four to five the English have a very light meal called afternoon tea, but it can hardly be called a meal. Dinner is the most substantial meal of the day. It is much like lunch and in many families it is the last meal of the day. Most British fa­milies go to restaurants on spe­cial occasions, like birthdays, or wedding anniversaries. Americans usually have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. All these three meals are served almost at the same time as in Britain. A usual breakfast in the United States is orange juice, toast and coffee, or juice and dry cereal with milk, or eggs. Lunch is usually a small meal — a sandwich, salad or soup, hamburgers and sausages. Dinner usually includes a main course of meat or fish accom­panied by side dishes such as soup, salad and vegetables. Eating out is very popular in the USA. There are two main types of restaurants in the USA — fast food and full service restaurants.

Topic № 1

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