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The first calculating device was ten fingers of a man’s hand. That’s why today we still count in tens. Then the abacus was invented. People used some forms of this bead frame till the 17th century as the easiest way of calculating.
In the 18th century a Scotsman Napier invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing. It was a foundation of modern slide rules. Later Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm tables.
In 1830 an Englishman Charles Babbage designed the “Analytical Engine”. It was the first attempt to replace a human being and it became the basis for building modern machines. In the same year an American Bush built the first analog computer. The first digital computer called Mark I was completed in 1944 by professor Aiken from IBM. It was used for military purposes. It could figure out mathematical operations at a very high rate.
The second part of the 20th century saw the start of the Computer Age. In 1946 two engineers Eckert and Maushly from Pennsylvania built the first computer using vacuum tubes. They called their invention ENIAC.
The first generation of computers which used vacuum tubes came out in 1950. Such machines (for example UNIVAC) performed thousands of calculations per second. In 1960 the second generation of computers was developed. They were ten times faster then their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The second generation computers were smaller and more dependable. The third generation computers appeared in 1965. They were controlled by tiny integrated circuits. They performed the million operations per second. The forth generation computers have now arrived. Their integrated circuits are greatly reduced in size. About a thousand tiny circuits are imprinted upon a single chip, a square piece of silicon.
The most important thing inside a computer is the central processing unit or CPU. It consists of three main parts: the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit and the registers: program counter and instruction register.
Today there are the following types of digital computers depending on their size and power: mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers. Mainframes provide data for hundreds of terminals connected together in a network. They are used by large companies, libraries and universities. Minis are less powerful and smaller. They can handle multitasking. They are used as file servers for terminals. Typical applications include academic computing and software engineering. Microcomputers are presented by personal computers: laptops, desktops, handheld. This type of computers became part of our everyday lives. In business computers are used for financial planning, accounting. In office they help to write letters, keep records. Computers are widely used to access the Internet. For educational purposes they are used to learn languages, to do programming, for computer-aided design. PCs are also used for administrative needs.
At the moment the scientists are doing researches in the field of supercomputers, Ultracomputers, Artificial intelligence and quantum computers with Nano Technologies.
a calculating device
an abacus
to be invented
multiplying
dividing
a slide rule
a logarithm table
an analytical engine
an analog computer
a digital computer
to be completed
for military purposes
to figure out
at a... rate
a vacuum tube
to come out
to be developed
a predecessor
a transistor
dependable
an integrated circuit
to be reduced
to be imprinted
silicon
a central processing unit
a control unit
an arithmetic logic unit
a mainframe
data
a terminal
a network
a mini (a minicomputer)
to handle
an application
academic computing
software engineering
a microcomputer
a laptop
a desktop
a handheld
to access the Internet
computer-aided design
Artificial intelligence
a quantum computer
a calculating device – вычислительное устройство
an abacus – абак, счеты
to be invented – быть изобретенным
multiplying - умножение
dividing - деление
a slide rule – логарифмическая линейка
a logarithm table - логарифмическая таблица
an analytical engine - аналитическая машина
an analog computer – аналоговый компьютер
a digital computer – цифровой компьютер
to be completed – быть завершенным, законченным
for military purposes – для военных целей
to figure out - выполнять
at a... rate – с … скоростью
a vacuum tube – вакуумная трубка
to come out - выпускать
to be developed – быть разработанным
a predecessor - предшественник
a transistor - транзистор
dependable - надежный
an integrated circuit – интегральная схема
to be reduced - уменьшен
to be imprinted – встроен
silicon - кремний
a central processing unit – центральный процессор
a control unit – устройство управления
an arithmetic logic unit - арифметико-логическое устройство
a mainframe - Мэйнфрейм - высокопроизводительный компьютер общего назначения со значительным объемом оперативной и внешней памяти, предназначенный для выполнения интенсивных вычислительных работ. Обычно с мэнфреймом работают множество пользователей, каждый из которых располагает лишь терминалом, лишенным собственных вычислительных мощностей.
data - данные
a terminal - терминал
a network - сеть
a mini (a minicomputer) - миникомпьютер
to handle – выполнять
file server – файловый сервер
an application - применение
academic computing – использование компьютера в учебных целях
software engineering - разработка программного обеспечения; проектирование программного обеспечения
a microcomputer - микрокомпьютер
a laptop - ноутбук
a desktop – настольный компьютер
a handheld – «ручной» компьютер
to access the Internet – иметь доступ в интернет
computer-aided design – машинное (автоматизированное) проектирование
Artificial intelligence – искусственный интеллект
a quantum computer – квантовый компьютер
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