DSP Evolution

Just a decade and a half ago, digital signal processing was more theory than practice. The only systems capable of doing signal processing were massive mainframes and supercomputers and even then, much of the processing was done not in real time, but off-line in batches. For example, seismic data was collected in the field, stored on magnetic tapes and then taken to a computing center, where a mainframe might take hours or days to digest the information.

The first practical real-time DSP systems emerged in the late 1970s and used bipolar "bit-slice" components. Large quantities of these building-block chips were needed to design a system, at considerable effort and expense. Uses were limited to esoteric high-end technology, such as military and space systems. The economics began to change in the early 80s with the advent of single-chip MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) DSPs. Cheaper and easier to design-in than building blocks, these "monolithic" processors meant that digital signal processing could be cost-effectively integrated into an array of ordinary products. The early single-chip processors were relatively simple 16-bit devices, which, teamed with 8- or 10-bit ADCs, were suitable for low-speed applications, general-purpose coders such as talking toys, simple controllers, and vocoders; (voice encoding devices used in telecommunications).

Things that have DSPs

Some typical and well-known items which contain one (or many) embedded DSPs:

- Sending an e-mail to a friend in another country

- cell phones

- fax machines

- DVD players and other home audio equipment

- cars (for example: the anti-lock braking system)

- computer disk drives

- satellites (they have a lot)

- the "switch" at your local telephone company (more than a lot)

- digital radios

- high-resolution printers

- digital cameras

ROBOTS

Definitions

It is difficult to compare numbers of robots in different countries, since there are different definitions of what a "robot" is. The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of robot in ISO 8373: "an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications." This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON), and many national standards committees.

The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition: a robot is a "re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks". The RIA subdivides robots into four classes: devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with predetermined cycles, programmable and servo-controlled robots with continuous point-to-point trajectories, and robots of this last type which also acquire information from the environment and move intelligently in response.

There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many people have their own. For example, Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: "I can't define a robot, but I know one when I see one." According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is "any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner". Merriam-Webster describes a robot as a "machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being", or a "device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks", or a "mechanism guided by automatic controls".

History

Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus (Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. In Greek drama, the Deus Ex Machina was contrived, literally God from the machine, as a dramatic device that usually involved lowering a deity, usually Zeus, by wires into the play to solve a seemingly impossible problem.

In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water. Su Song built a clock tower in China in 1088 featuring mechanical figurines that chimed the hours.

Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automated machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata powered by water, and the first programmable humanoid robots in 1206. The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14