Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.

2 types of the simple sentence in Uk and Eng:

- one-member (more numerous in Uk)

- two-member (in Eng. are represented by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Uk.)

One-member sentences. Common types:

· nominal sentences – isomorphic in the structural form (extended/expanded), allomorphic in the grammatical means of connection of the same component parts (in Eng. – by analytical means, in Uk. – synthetic or analytico-synthetic means) Models:

- N model ex: The same. A wood. Ліс. Сенсація.

- NN/NNN model ex: Mr. Ralph. Lady Sneerwell’s bedroom. Містер Ральф. Спальня леді Снірвел.

- АN model (may often convey injunctive, requestive and other pragmatic meanings) ex: Silence! The welcome rain! Тиша! Давно очікуваний дощ!

- N/AN co-cjN/AN model ex: Freedom and power! Свобода і влада!

- with prepositional connection of componental parts – allomorphism: there are no Uk equivalent grammaticalized prepositions of, to, by, with; no inflexions in Eng. nouns.

Ex: N/IprepN/Q half past eleven. Confidence for confidence. Пів на дванадцяту. Довіря за довіря.

· Imperative sentences (V or VP structure) ex: Keep aside! Open the door! Не підходь! Відчиніть двері!

· Exclamatory (may structurally coincide with nominal and infinitival) ex: How funny! Як гарно!

· Infinitival (extended/unextended) ex: To be or not to be? Бути чи не бути?

Only in Uk:

· The definite personal sentences - Любіть Україну всім серцем своїм....

· The indefinite personal - Дзвонять в усі дзвони! Не за те вовка б'ють, що сірий, а за те, що овечку вкрав.

· Generalized personal – Поживемо – побачимо!

· Impersonal – Світає. Край неба палає.

Two-member sentence. In Eng. only:

· Impersonal sentences with IT – It rains. It is snowing

· Indefinite personal with one, they, you – They say.

· With It or There – There is nothing to say.

· With the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition – He was sent for.

· With secondary predication – I thought him to be a teacher. (Such sentences in Uk. have either simple or complex definite personal sentences for their semantic equivalents – Я думав, що він учитиель)

· With gerundial complexes used as predicative constructions – You can rely on her coming in time.

Two-member sentences of the common structural form in both languages:

· With subject expressed by a notional word and predicate – by a verb – Breakfast was not yet over… Ідуть дощі.

· With simple nominal predicate expressed by a noun/an adj./a numeral/an infinitive/a participle/a phrase. – Poor little thing! Нас троє. Гарні манеи і все інше.

66. The complex sentences in the E and Uk Isomorphism: 1) has a polypredicative nature; 2) is characterized by the subordinate way of joining the clauses to principal clause; 3) may consist of homogeneous clauses or of consecutively dependent clauses joined syndetically/asyndetically; 4) syndetic means – conjun., connective pron., connective adv., subordinating connective words; 5) the connectors join clauses + express some logico-gramm. relations – predicative, objective, attributive, various adv. Relations expressed mostly the corresponding clauses in preceding/succeeding place to the principal clause.Acc to the nature of logico-gramm. relations there are such groups of subordinate clauses in E and Uk: 1) subatantive-nominal (subject, predicative, objective subordinate clauses) 2. qualitatively-nominal (descriptive attributive, restrictive attributive) 3. adverbial clauses (of time, place, purpose, cause, attending circumstances, condition, concession, result etc.) Nominal clauses Common: the general function (approximates the function of noun or a nominal word-group); dependence of subordinate clauses on matrix clause with which they form a syntactic unit; general implicit meaning which manifests itself in the nature of their syntactic relations with the matrix clause – predicative, objective, attributive/appositive. Allom. In structural forms of the nominal clauses. Subject clauses Structurally common: 1) subj. cl which substitute the subject in 2-member sent with a compound nominal predicate of being/seeming ex: What you say is true – Що ти кажеж - правда. 2) extended thematic cl. (mostly introduced by pronoun/noun specified by an attributive cl. Ex. All I want is to die – Єдине, чого я бажаю – померти. BUT only in Eng. Rhemantic subject cl located in the postposition to the matrix cl and introduced by the anticipatory IT – It has been said that.. + introduced by the emphatic pronoun IT – It may be from them that the name came. Predicative clauses Isom.: structurally extended/unextended; may perform the function of the nominal part of predicate in the matrix clause; may be introduced by common seman and struc conjunctions, correlatives, connectives (that, whether, as, as if, наче, мов) Allom. In Eng – always follow the matrix cl. In UK – may be in front/midposition (Яке життя, таке і товариство); in Eng – are in the place of the nominal part of the predicate – That’s what he did. Object clauses Isom. 1) introduced by 2 means (syndetically/asyndetically); 2) complement the obj verb or refer to a verbal noun, adv or to adj expressing perception, desire, feeling, assurance. Exception – statives (don’t always coincide lexically) 3) are of common syntactic nature and express an identical nominal derivation 4) ability to have the implicit “background of adv event” (of time, cause, manner, choice) – I wonder why he had come. Я тбі скажу коли ми будемо самі. 5) iverted oder of object cl. (more ofent occur in Eng) 6) the use of homogeneous object cl. Allom. in nature and structure of some Uk connectors (Uk particle чи = Eng conjunction whether/if) + correlating pronoun він is often a part of the matrix clause; Eng obj cl are more often introduced asyndetically; only in Uk – structural form of matrix cl identical with regular one-member definite personal sent taking obj cl for their complements – Хочете, я з вами посиджу. Attributive clauses Isom. Always follow the antecedent noun, pronoun, numeral which they modify/specify 2) may smt be substituted for the corresponding participial constructions performing an attributive function 3) may often be joined to the Eng antecedent asyndetically (he could be somebody who play the piano) 4) can be joined to the matrix cl by means of conjunctions (that, s if/as, though, що, мов, ніби), by relative pronouns and relative adv (who, whose, what, хто, кого, ким, де..) 5) traditionally distinguished groups: appositive cl; restrictive attributive cl.; descriptive attr cl.; continuative attr cl (Почуття були такими гарячими, що серце захлинулося – The feelings became so warm that hes heart chocked) 6) some implicit adv. Meanings expressed by the attr cl through theor adv connectors (time, cause, place) – It was the time when they looked now – Настав час, коли вони вже не були сліпі. 7) existence of polycomponental and simpler complex sentences with comment cl.(with you know, you see, як бачите, як кажуть) All. Omission of the joining/connecting element before the subordinate clause which is impossible in Uk. – There is a woman set about me. Adverbial clauses of place Isom 1) distinguishing semantic and functional characteristic features – define place or direction of the action/state in the matrix cl; introduced by adv connectors (where, everywhere, де, куди, звідки. 2) may be located in preposition and in postposition to the matrix cl; structure of Eng complex sent with adv group “wherever” – Where there are bees, there will be honey. All. In Uk – obligatory use of relative adv connectors and the correlating with them adv, when the predicate in the matrix cl expresses motion (Параска похитнулась, глянула туди, куди ткнула вона рукою) Of Condition Isom 1) express a real/unreal condition referring to present, past, future 2) types of conditional relationships 3) time of the action/event expressed in the matrix 4) conjunctions and connectives (if, unless, suppose, in case, якщо, аби, за умови..) 5) the placement of the conditional cl 6) common structure of unreal condition joined to the matrix asyndetically 7) expression by conditional cl together with some inherent accompanying adv meaning (temporal meaning, suppositional + temporal, concessive) 7) the use of tenses allom. in the transposition of present tense form to express future in Eng sub-clauses of condition – in Uk in both clauses the future tense is used (If you are decent with me, I’ll work for you – Якщо ти будеш порядним зі мною, я працюватиму на тебе) Of TIME, Of Manner/Attendant circumstances, Of comparison, Of concession, Of purpose, Of cause, Of result no allomorphic features

67. Typology of the complex sentence Like the simple and compound sentence, the complex sentence too presents a universal unit in the syntactic systems of all 5,651 languages of the world. Consequently, this type of composite sentence has some isomorphic features of its own. They are in the contrasted languages as follows: 1) the complex sentence has a polypredicative nature; 2) it is characterised by the subordinate way of joining the clauses to the principal/matrix clause; 3) it may consist of homogeneous clauses or of consecutively dependent clauses joined to the matrix clause or to each other syndetically or asyndetically; 4) the arsenal ofsyndetic means of connection includes conjunctions, connective pronouns, connective adverbs and subordinating connective words; 5) the connectors join clauses and express some logico-grammatical relations formed within the complex sentence. These include predicative, objective, attributive and various adverbial relations expressed by the corresponding clauses which may occupy either the preceding or the succeeding position/place in regard to the matrix clause. The nature of the many logico-grammatical relations created between the subordinate and the matrix clause generally corresponds to the na ture of relations created between the adjuncts/complements and their heads in subordinate word-groups. Hence, there are distinguished the following typologically relevant groups of subordinate clauses:

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