C) Read the following extract about Cultural Differences in Time Orientation.

UNIT 4. The Interrelation of Culture and Language

LESSON 1: Differences in Cultures

LEAD - IN

TASK I.

a) Give your associations with the terms “Culture” and “Language”.

Culture

Language

B) Watch videos of Eva Haug on what is Culture and what is Language.

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me2HlTQPS40) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWQ1sBFLlEw)

C) Compare the following definitions given by E.B. Tylor (1832-1917) and Edward Sapir (1884–1939).

Culture -is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

" Language - is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols."
(Edward Sapir, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921).

D)Create a 5 minute digital story describing the terms “culture” and “language”. Work in pairs and evaluate each other’s digital stories.

TASK II.

a) Work in pairs and write the causes and reasons of cultural differences and discuss in small groups:

№	Cultural differences cause:	Reasons:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

b)

b) How do you understand the term Global Village?

c) What do you know about Time Orientation of Different Cultures?

d) What is Monochronic/Polychronic Time?

c) Read the following extract about Cultural Differences in Time Orientation.

Monochronic There are cultural variations in how people understand and use time. Researchers have found that individuals are divided in two groups in the ways they approach time.

Monochronic individuals are those who prefer to complete one task at a time. For them, task-oriented time is distinguished from socio-emotional time. In other words, there is a time to play and a time to work. These individuals value punctuality, completing tasks, and keeping to schedules. They view time as if it were linear, that is, one event happening at a time. Examples of monochronic cultures include the U.S., Israel, Germany, and Switzerland.

Polychronic Polychronic individuals, on the other hand, are more flexible about time schedules; they have no problem integrating task-oriented activities with socio-emotional ones. For them, maintaining relationships and socializing are more important than accomplishing tasks. These individuals usually see time in a more holistic manner; in other words, many events may happen at once. Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are places where the polychronic orientation prevails.

In certain cities in the U.S., it is not uncommon for us to find timetables or daily schedules for buses or trains. If the bus is to be at a certain stop at 10:09 PM, for example, one can expect that to happen at the designated time, give or take a minute.

For polychronic individuals such precise timetables are mind-boggling, as many of them are simply used to going to the bus stop and waiting – not knowing whether they will be waiting for five or forty-five minutes. That is just the way things are.

This difference in time orientation is reflected in the complaints of U.S. business people conducting business in Saudi Arabia or in Mexico, for example. A big source of frustration for them is the difficulty of getting through a meeting’s agenda. That is because in these countries meetings begin with an extended socializing time in which time is spent establishing social rapport – usually over many cups of coffee or tea.

(http://www.celt.iastate.edu/celt-resources/international-resources/cultural-differences/)

d) Watch a short video about Polychronic Time Orientation and Monochronic Time Orientation and be ready to answer the following questions:

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wK94W_YEN74)

- Who is the founder of monochronic and polychronic time orientation?

- What are Hall’s Cultural Factors?

- What is the difference between monochronic and polychronic time orientation?

e) Make a project on “Monochronic and Polychronic Time Orientation” issues and present it in the classroom.

You should:

- сhoose one of the English speaking countries;

- determine the Time Orientation of the country;

- present your findings to the class.

TASK III.

First, study the following information abouthow to write a speech.As participants of a round table discussion prepare your own speech on one of the following problems in written form:

- Cultural Values

- National Stereotypes of Different Cultures.

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